Bahraini Cities and the Challenges of Global Climate Change:
Initiatives and strategies for mitigation and adaptation
Ahmed O. El-Kholei
Professor of Urban Planning,
Arabian Gulf University (AGU)
Bahrain
Introduction
There is consensus that climate change is a risk, which is the likelihood of losing something valuable, such as lives, properties, etc.. It is clearly stated in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015 – 2030 that climate change is among the drivers of disaster risk. “The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, represents an opportunity to reduce disaster risk in a meaningful and coherent manner throughout the interrelated intergovernmental processes” (UNISDR, 2015, p. 8). Climate change is one of the reasons of seasonal fluctuations that negatively touch on natural resource based livelihoods (Mercer, 2010). The risks associated with climate change include, but not limited to, extreme weather events, such as flash floods, storms, etc.; Sea Level Rise (SLR), health risks, decline in agricultural productivity.
Disaster risk reduction, climate change adaptation, environmental management and urban planning and management examine means to develop resilience of communities via several areas of interventions, particularly reducing vulnerability to natural hazards. “However, despite the significant efforts of these communities, the vulnerability of many individuals and communities to natural hazards continues to increase considerably … there is an emerging perceived need to strengthen significantly collaboration and to facilitate learning and information exchange between them” (Thomalla, Downing, Spanger-Siegfried, Han, & Rockström, 2006, p. 39). Mercer (2010) showed that strategies for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) are similar to those of Climate Change Adaptability (CCA). She argued for international development policy supporting all forms of risk reduction through integrating DRR and CCA strategies (Mercer, 2010, p. 39).
Bahrain: Small Island Developing State
Like Small Island Developing States (SIDS), Bahrain is uniquely diverse both culturally and biologically, and has special needs that must be addressed to sustain their development. Several factors are responsible for the vulnerability of ecosystems of Bahrain and other SIDS including, but not limited to, their size, geographic dispersion (and, often remoteness); their limited resilience to natural disasters; and their unique biodiversity. High and growing population densities in many SIDS intensify the pressures on land resources and wildlife - and intensify demand for solid and liquid waste management (United Nations Environment Programme, n.d.). In 2014, UNEP released a report outlining twenty serious challenges for the sustainable development of SIDS. “SIDS are disproportionately affected by natural disasters and hazards.” (United Nations Environment Programme, 2014b, pp. 5–6). The report calls for rehabilitating biodiversity and ecosystem services; ecosystem based management; and paying attention to the degradation and scarcity of freshwater resources; coastal squeeze and loss of associated ecosystem services; reaching the limit of land capacity; managing threats from chemicals and waste; and addressing climate change and its impacts (United Nations Environment Programme, 2014a).
Figure 1 Population of Bahrain (urban and rural ), 1950-2050
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014 Figure 2 Bahrain, Urban and rural Population, 1960-2050 (%)
Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014
National Circumstances
In 2014, the population of Bahrain was around 1,314,562 of which 630,744 and 683,818 were Bahrainis and non-Bahrainis, respectively, Figure 1 (Information and e Government Authority, 2015). In 2012, Serageldin et al. estimated that 88.6 percent of the population of Bahrain lived in urban areas, ; and expected to grow to 90.6 percent by 2030, Figure 2 (Serageldin et al., 2012). Currently the Bahraini urban system consists of seven cities: Manama, which is Bahrain’s capital and largest city. In 2010, the population of Manama reached 23.3 thousand, and expected to grow to 33.5 thousand by 2030 (Central Information Organization, 2015; United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 2014). The list of Bahraini cities include Riffa divided into two areas east and west; Isa Town, a modern city named after the late Emir Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa; Hamad Town, a modern city was built in 1984, and named after King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa; and Zayed Town, another modern city was established in 2003 (Central Information Organization, 2015).
In 1952, the area of Bahrain was 661.09 Sq. Km. In 2014, the land area of Bahrain grew to 769.56 Sq. Km. (Central Information Organization, 2015), Figure 3. Most of these developments took place in of Muharrq, Northern and Southern Governorates, .Table 1. For the aforementioned circumstances, human settlements of Ba