3. Minimize transaction exposure. This objective involves managing a subset of the firm’s true cash-flow exposure.
4. Minimize economic exposure. To achieve this goal, a firm must ignore account- ing earnings and concentrate on reducing cash-flow fluctuations stemming from currency fluctuations.
5. Minimize foreign exchange risk management costs. This goal requires a firm to balance off the benefits of hedging with its costs. It also assumes risk neutrality.
6. Avoid surprises. This objective involves preventing large foreign exchange losses.
The most appropriate way to rank these objectives is on their consistency with the overarching goal of maximizing shareholder value. To establish what hedging can do to further this goal, we return to our discussion of total risk in Chapter 1. In that discussion, we saw that total risk tends to adversely affect a firm’s value by leading to lower sales and higher costs. Consequently, actions taken by a firm that decrease its total risk will improve its sales and cost outlooks, thereby increasing its expected cash flows.
Reducing total risk can also ensure that a firm will not run out of cash to fund its planned investment program. Otherwise, potentially profitable investment opportunities may be passed up because of corporate reluctance to tap the financial markets when internally generated cash is insufficient.4
This and other explanations for hedging all relate to the idea that there is likely to be an inverse relation between total risk and shareholder value.5 Given these considerations, the view taken here is that the basic purpose of hedging is to reduce exchange risk, where exchange risk is defined as that element of cash-flow variability attributable to currency fluctuations. This is Objective 4.
To the extent that earnings fluctuations or large losses can adversely affect the company’s perceptions in the minds of potential investors, customers, employees, and so on, there may be reason to also pay attention to Objectives 2 and 6.6 However, despite these potential benefits, there are likely to be few, if any, advantages to devoting substantial resources to managing earnings fluctuations or accounting exposure more generally (Objectives 1 and 3). To begin, trying to manage accounting exposure is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence that investors have the uncanny ability to peer beyond the ephemeral and concentrate on the firm’s true cash-flow-generating ability. In addition, whereas balance sheet gains and losses can be dampened by hedging, operating earnings will also fluctuate in line with the combined and offsetting effects of currency changes and inflation. Moreover, hedging costs themselves will vary unpredictably from one period to the next, leading to unpredictable earnings changes. Thus, it is impossible for firms to protect themselves from earnings fluctuations resulting from exchange rate changes except in the very short run.
Given the questionable benefits of managing accounting exposure, the emphasis in this text is on managing economic exposure. However, this chapter describes the techniques used to manage transaction and translation exposure because many of these techniques are equally applicable to hedging cash flows.
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
3-تقليل التعرض للمعاملة. ويشمل هذا الهدف إدارة مجموعة فرعية التعرض التدفق النقدي الحقيقي للشركة.4-تقليل التعرض الاقتصادي. لتحقيق هذا الهدف، يجب تجاهل جي حساب أرباح شركة وتركز على الحد من تقلبات التدفقات النقدية الناجمة عن تقلبات أسعار العملات.5-تقليل تكاليف إدارة مخاطر الصرف الأجنبي. ويتطلب هذا الهدف بشركة للتوازن قبالة فوائد التحوط مع تكاليفها. فإنه يفترض أيضا خطر الحياد.6-تجنب المفاجآت. ويشمل هذا الهدف منع خسائر كبيرة من النقد الأجنبي.أنسب طريقة لترتيب هذه الأهداف على توافقها مع الهدف العام المتمثل في تعظيم قيمة حملة الأسهم. إنشاء التحوط ما يمكن القيام به لمواصلة هذا الهدف، علينا أن نعود إلى مناقشتنا لمجموع المخاطر في الفصل الأول. لقد شاهدنا في تلك المناقشة، أن مجموع المخاطر تميل إلى أن تؤثر سلبا على قيمة الشركة التي تؤدي إلى انخفاض المبيعات وارتفاع تكاليف. ونتيجة لذلك، ستحسن الإجراءات التي اتخذتها شركة التي تقلل المخاطر الإجمالية في توقعات المبيعات والتكلفة، وبالتالي زيادة التدفقات النقدية المتوقعة.الحد من المخاطر الإجمالية يمكن أن تضمن أيضا أن شركة لن يتم تشغيل الخروج من النقدية لتمويل برنامجها للاستثمارات المخططة. وبخلاف ذلك، التي قد يتم تمريرها فرصاً استثمارية مربحة محتملة بسبب عزوف الشركات للاستفادة من الأسواق المالية النقدية المولدة داخليا عند insufficient.4This and other explanations for hedging all relate to the idea that there is likely to be an inverse relation between total risk and shareholder value.5 Given these considerations, the view taken here is that the basic purpose of hedging is to reduce exchange risk, where exchange risk is defined as that element of cash-flow variability attributable to currency fluctuations. This is Objective 4.To the extent that earnings fluctuations or large losses can adversely affect the company’s perceptions in the minds of potential investors, customers, employees, and so on, there may be reason to also pay attention to Objectives 2 and 6.6 However, despite these potential benefits, there are likely to be few, if any, advantages to devoting substantial resources to managing earnings fluctuations or accounting exposure more generally (Objectives 1 and 3). To begin, trying to manage accounting exposure is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence that investors have the uncanny ability to peer beyond the ephemeral and concentrate on the firm’s true cash-flow-generating ability. In addition, whereas balance sheet gains and losses can be dampened by hedging, operating earnings will also fluctuate in line with the combined and offsetting effects of currency changes and inflation. Moreover, hedging costs themselves will vary unpredictably from one period to the next, leading to unpredictable earnings changes. Thus, it is impossible for firms to protect themselves from earnings fluctuations resulting from exchange rate changes except in the very short run.ونظرا لفوائد مشكوك فيها لإدارة التعرض للمحاسبة، يتم التركيز في هذا النص على إدارة التعرض الاقتصادي. ومع ذلك، يصف هذا الفصل التقنيات المستخدمة لإدارة التعرض للمعاملة والترجمة لأن العديد من هذه التقنيات تنطبق بالتساوي على التحوط التدفقات النقدية.
يجري ترجمتها، يرجى الانتظار ..
