. And positive valence would mean you would rather have an outcome than not have it. And a negative valence would me you would rather not have an outcome. So this is the basic idea of valence. Now particular outcomes can have a positive or negative valence, in and of themselves or they could be instrumental to achieve other outcomes. Second degree outcomes, if you will. So I could expect a high bonus at the end of the year, and that could be inherently motivating to me to perform, because big pile of money. Or it could be instrumental to another goal, and that is that I can finally buy the sports car that I always wanted. So this idea of a second degree, this projected second degree consequence we could carry further to a third degree, fourth degree, so on and so forth. If I can buy a sports car, I can impress the ladies. If I can impress the ladies, then you can get the idea. But we keep it simple. According to Vroom's theory, you should multiply a particular first degree outcome's instrumentality for a second degree outcome with the valence of that second degree outcome and if you sum up all those products, you get your total valence. And total valence could be positive or negative. If you have no positive associations at all with the particular outcome you have zero valence, zero motivation. You might have some positive associations, but they might be cancelled, they might be overshadowed by negative balances, and that would also mean zero motivation in the end. So for example, you might offer me a very high paying job for a private military company in a war zone. And the positive valance of that paycheck, of that big money would be overshadowed completely by