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Fitness for executionSince 1990 Amnesty International has documented 18 executions of juvenile offenders, carried out in six countries - Iran, Nigeria, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, the USA and Yemen. Nine of these were carried out in the USA, the only country known to have executed juvenile offenders in 1998.International standards also hold that the mentally ill should be excluded from the death penalty.Amnesty International 1999Mentally retarded and minorsIt is a widely accepted principle that some categories of people such as minors, people with learning disabilities and the mentally ill, should be excluded from judicial punishments. However, the reality is that in some jurisdictions, amongst those sentenced to death will be found people under the age of 18 and those with questionable mental capacity. Health professionals and particularly doctors, often including those working as prison doctors, may therefore be asked to assess individuals for their fitness to execution.There are records for example from Iraq, of health professionals testifying that they have been forced to record false dates of birth for juveniles so that they would be old enough to be executed. There are a variety of important cases from the USA, including the case of Penry where the Court recognised that evidence of mental retardation could be a mitigating factor, but also ruled that it was permissible to execute a mentally retarded person, and Penry was therefore sentenced to death. Duane Wright was executed by lethal injection in 1998, having committed a murder at the age of 17 after having been treated in hospital for major depression with psychotic episodes. His mental capacity was assessed as borderline, his speech retarded, and doctors found some evidence of organic brain damage, but nevertheless he was executed.In a recent case in relation to Charles Singleton, a prisoner on death row in Arkansas, a Federal Appeals Court has ruled that he, a mentally ill prisoner, can be forced to take drugs even if this makes him sane enough to be executed. One of the judges wrote that they did not need to consider the ultimate result of the medication which would be Mr Singleton's execution.BBC Online News 12.02.2003Continue
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