النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
The alternative strategy employed by Syria was to build up its militarycapacity so as to be able to confront Israel, while at the same time seeking tocontrol the Palestinian resistance movement in such a way that its policies becamesubservient to the requirements of Syrian security. This too aroused considerableArab hostility, particularly when it involved Syria’s military confrontation with thePLO’s forces in Lebanon in 1976 and then its later attempts to divide thePalestinians and to promote an alternative leadership to Yasser Arafat after 1983.Analysis of the influence of the Palestinians on Arab politics and inter-staterelations is even more complex than that of Israel. For most of the first twodecades after 1948 they were without a state of their own, and largely under thecontrol of several different regimes. However, once they began to assert theirown independence of action in the late 1960s they inevitably posed major problemsfor those Arab states they asked for support. One, of course, was the dangerof inviting a harsh Israeli response. Another was the twin appeal that thePalestinian leadership was willing and able to make, both to the regimes and totheir people. Although one of the main principles of Fatah’s political creed wasto maintain the movement’s freedom of action by avoiding interference in theinternal affairs of Arab states, this was often ignored in practice. In some cases,as in Jordan in 1970 and in Lebanon a few years later, it meant direct attempts todestabilize the regime in association with opposition forces; in others, there waspressure to follow a revolutionary logic that placed Arab unity and the necessityof constant confrontation with Israel above everything else. As a result, theleaders of most Middle Eastern regimes could have been forgiven for supposingthat, while Palestinians saw their own nationalism as perfectly compatible with awider Arabism, they were quite ready to ride roughshod over Jordanian orEgyptian or Lebanese national self-interest if this was believed to stand in theway of their own objectives.In addition to their own nationalism, the Palestinians also developed anevolving strategy for achieving their political aims. This began with great stress onthe primacy of armed struggle. But, as in the case of most movements of nationalliberation, it turned progressively towards an emphasis on diplomacy and a negotiatedsettlement. The first major stage in this transformation was completed in1974 when the twelfth Palestinian national council agreed on what was called an‘interim’ or ‘phased’ programme by which it was decided that an ‘independentnational authority’ was to be established over any part of Palestinian national territorythat could be liberated from Israeli control – generally understood to refer tothe West Bank and Gaza. Twelve years later this process reached its culminationwith the political statement issued by the nineteenth national council held inAlgiers in November 1988 that affirmed the determination of the PLO to arrive ata ‘political settlement’ of the Arab–Israeli conflict by means of an internationalpeace conference at which all parties would be represented on an equal basis.33The process just described owed much more to developments within thevarious Palestinian communities inside and outside the West Bank and Gaza than it did either to Arab diplomatic activity or to obvious Arab self-interest.Indeed, a number of Arab regimes did their very best to split the movement, tomarginalize its leadership or to make their own political arrangements with theIsraelis without reference to the PLO.
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