Alexander the Great
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This article is about the ancient king of Macedonia. For other uses, see Alexander the Great (disambiguation).
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas Koine Greek: [a.lék.san.dros ho mé.gas] ), was a king (basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India.[1][2] He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.[3]
During his youth, Alexander was tutored by the philosopher Aristotle until the age of 16. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, Alexander succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's Panhellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia.[4][5] In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Empire, and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Following the conquest of Asia Minor, Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety.[b] At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
Seeking to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he invaded India in 326 BC, but eventually turned back at the demand of his homesick troops. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, the city he planned to establish as his capital, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in several states ruled by the Diadochi, Alexander's surviving generals and heirs.
Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century and the presence of Greek speakers in central and far eastern Anatolia until the 1920s. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles, and he features prominently in the history and mythic traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics.[6][c] He is often ranked among the most influential people in human history, along with his teacher Aristotle
Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century and the presence of Greek speakers in central and far eastern Anatolia until the 1920s. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles, and he features prominently in the history and mythic traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics.[6][c] He is often ranked among the most influential people in human history, along with his teacher Aristotle.[7] Early life
Lineage and childhood
Aristotle tutoring Alexander, by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris
Alexander was born on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is disputed,[8] in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon.[9] He was the son of the king of Macedon, Philip II, and his fourth wife, Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of Epirus.[10] Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely a result of giving birth to Alexander.[11]
Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood.[12] According to the ancient Greek biographer Plutarch, Olympias, on the eve of the consummation of her marriage to Philip, dreamed that her womb was struck
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
الإسكندر الأكبرمن ويكيبيديا، الموسوعة الحرةاذهب إلى: الإبحار, البحث هذه المقالة عن ملك مقدونيا القديمة. لاستخدامات أخرى، راجع الإسكندر الأكبر (توضيح).ألكسندر الثالث المقدوني (20/21 356 قبل الميلاد – 10 تموز/يوليه/11 حزيران/يونيه 323 قبل الميلاد)، المعروف الإسكندر الأكبر (اليونانية: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας، Aléxandros حو اليونانية فصيحة Mégas: [a.lék.san.dros حو mé.gas])، كان ملك (basileus) في القديمة يونانية المملكة المقدوني [أ]، وعضو من سلالة أرجياد. ولد في بيلا في 356 قبل الميلاد، ألكسندر خلف والده، فيليب الثاني، العرش في سن العشرين. وقضى معظم سنواته الحاكم في حملة عسكرية لم يسبق لها مثيل عن طريق آسيا وشمال شرق أفريقيا، وفي سن الثلاثين أنه أنشأ واحدة من أكبر امبراطوريات العالم القديم، تمتد من اليونان إلى شمال غرب الهند. [1] [2] أنه كان مهزوم في معركة، ويعتبر على نطاق واسع واحداً من أنجح القادة العسكريين في التاريخ. [3]أثناء شبابه، وكان ألكسندر المدعم بالفيلسوف أرسطو حتى سن ال 16. بعد اغتيال فيليب في 336 قبل الميلاد، ألكسندر خلف والده على العرش وورثت مملكة قوية وجيشا ذوي خبرة. ألكسندر منحت generalship اليونان، وتستخدم هذه السلطة لإطلاق مشروع والده الهلينية لقيادة الإغريق في الاستيلاء على بلاد فارس. [4] [5] في 334 قبل الميلاد، غزت الإمبراطورية تقع، وبدأت سلسلة من الحملات التي استمرت عشر سنوات. وبعد الاستيلاء على آسيا الصغرى، كسرت ألكسندر قوة فارس في سلسلة من المعارك الحاسمة، وأبرزها معارك أسوس وجوجاميلا. في وقت لاحق أنه أطاح الملك الفارسي داريوس الثالث وغزا الإمبراطورية تقع في مجملها. [ب] عند هذه النقطة، امتدت امبراطوريته من البحر اﻷدرياتيكي إلى نهر اندوس.تسعى إلى التوصل إلى "نهاية العالم والبحر الخارجي العظمى"، اجتاحت الهند في 326 قبل الميلاد، لكن في نهاية المطاف تحولت مرة أخرى بناء على طلب قواته الحنين إلى الوطن. ألكسندر توفي في بابل عام 323 قبل الميلاد، المدينة أنه يعتزم إنشاء كرأس ماله، دون تنفيذ سلسلة من الحملات المخططة التي سيكون قد بدأ بغزو المملكة العربية. في السنوات التالية لوفاته، سلسلة من الحروب الأهلية التي مزقت امبراطوريته، نتج عنه العديد من الدول التي يحكمها ديادوتشي وألكسندر الباقين على قيد الحياة الجنرالات وورثة.Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century and the presence of Greek speakers in central and far eastern Anatolia until the 1920s. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles, and he features prominently in the history and mythic traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics.[6][c] He is often ranked among the most influential people in human history, along with his teacher AristotleAlexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century and the presence of Greek speakers in central and far eastern Anatolia until the 1920s. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles, and he features prominently in the history and mythic traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics.[6][c] He is often ranked among the most influential people in human history, along with his teacher Aristotle.[7] Early lifeLineage and childhoodAristotle tutoring Alexander, by Jean Leon Gerome FerrisAlexander was born on the sixth day of the ancient Greek month of Hekatombaion, which probably corresponds to 20 July 356 BC, although the exact date is disputed,[8] in Pella, the capital of the Kingdom of Macedon.[9] He was the son of the king of Macedon, Philip II, and his fourth wife, Olympias, the daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of Epirus.[10] Although Philip had seven or eight wives, Olympias was his principal wife for some time, likely a result of giving birth to Alexander.[11]Several legends surround Alexander's birth and childhood.[12] According to the ancient Greek biographer Plutarch, Olympias, on the eve of the consummation of her marriage to Philip, dreamed that her womb was struck
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