النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
It is worth considering these extreme views first because they help frame<br>the debate and because they have had some notable defenders.<br>Suppose we think that philosophy addresses problems fundamentally<br>unlike those pursued by science, and that it uses uniquely philosophical<br>methods and principles to resolve those problems. If we take such a view<br>of philosophy, we would be likely to think that there are no interesting<br>points of contact between science and philosophy. We would think that<br>scientific findings have no bearing on any philosophical theory, and that<br>there is no prospect of any scientific theory informing, let alone replacing, any philosophical theory. According to such a view, philosophy is<br>autonomous from science: it has methods, standards and goals that it<br>does not share with science. Call this “the Autonomy view.” Quine calls it<br>“First Philosophy” as the view takes philosophy to be prior to, and more<br>fundamental than, science (Quine 1981b, 72). Quine takes the phrase<br>“First Philosophy” from Aristotle’s Metaphysics Book Γ, where Aristotle<br>says that First Philosophy should identify the most fundamental principles that are used in all reasoning.<br>The Autonomy view has had a number of proponents besides<br>Aristotle. In the opening paragraph of his Meditations, Descartes indicated that his philosophical method of doubt was designed to provide<br>foundations for scientific knowledge:<br>I was convinced that I must once for all seriously undertake to<br>rid myself of all the opinions which I had formerly accepted,<br>and commence to build anew from the foundation, if I wanted<br>to establish any firm and permanent structure in the sciences.<br>(Descartes 1641 Meditation 1)<br>Descartes goes on to argue that the foundation consists in truths that<br>are immune to doubt and self-evident to the intellect, notably the Cogito:<br>“I think, therefore I am.”<br>Wittgenstein (1922) makes the following stark claims:<br>4.111 Philosophy is not one of the natural sciences.<br>4.112 Philosophy aims at the logical clarification of thoughts …<br>4.1121 Psychology is no more closely related to philosophy<br>من أي العلوم الطبيعية الأخرى .... <br>نظرية داروين 4.1122 لا يوجد لديه علاقة مع فلسفة <br>ر
يجري ترجمتها، يرجى الانتظار ..
