IntroductionThe what, how and why of developmental change: the emergence of a new paradigmAndreas Demetriou and Athanassios RaftopoulosThis book presents current theory and research on cognitive change. Chapter authors were invited to discuss cognitive change from the perspective of its three main aspects. Its object (what changes in the mind during development?), its nature (how does change occur?), and its causes (why does change occur, or, in other words, what are the factors, internal and external, that are responsible for cognitive change?). Obviously, these are both old and fundamental questions and all theories of development attempted to answer one or more of them. Piaget was the first to provide a full set of answers to all three of these questions. His answer to these questions can rather easily be summarized as follows: opera- tional structures (what?) change through reflecting abstraction, which organizes the results of assimilation and accommodation (how?), because of maturation, cultural influences, and self-organization (why?) (Piaget 1970, 2001). The rate of change during the course from birth to maturity varies systematically, accel- erating and slowing down at different phases, so that cognitive development appears to be stage-like. In a sense, this summary of Piaget’s theory is also an accurate summary of the present volume. If this had been the whole story it would have been nice because our task of writing an introduction to the book would have finished here. Fortunately, for the field at least, this is not the whole story. We have come a long way since Piaget in our knowledge about all three aspects of change and therefore an introduction is indeed needed.Naturally, the twelve chapters included in the book overlap to a large extent, because they are driven by the same three questions noted above. However, the answers and emphasis differ, depending upon each chapter’s particular episte- mological assumptions, the aspects of the mind it focuses on, and the methods employed. Overall, the book involves three sections. Chapters in the first sec- tion present, or emanate from, current models of cognitive development, with an emphasis on change itself. The chapters of (1) Demetriou, (2) Raftopoulos, (3) van der Maas, Jansen and Raijmakers, (4) Schwartz and Fischer, and (5) Torbeyns, Arnaud, Lemaire and Verchaffel belong to this set. These chapters focus more on the what or how of change and leave the why question in the background. Chapters in the second section focus on the methods or factors that induce or cause cognitive change. This section contains chapters by (6) Lewis,1
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مقدمة <br>لماذا وكيف ولماذا التغيير التنموي: ظهور نموذج جديد <br><br><br>أندرياس ديميتريو وأثاناسيوس Raftopoulos<br><br>This book presents current theory and research on cognitive change. Chapter authors were invited to discuss cognitive change from the perspective of its three main aspects. Its object (what changes in the mind during development?), its nature (how does change occur?), and its causes (why does change occur, or, in other words, what are the factors, internal and external, that are responsible for cognitive change?). Obviously, these are both old and fundamental questions and all theories of development attempted to answer one or more of them. Piaget was the first to provide a full set of answers to all three of these questions. His answer to these questions can rather easily be summarized as follows: opera- tional structures (what?) change through reflecting abstraction, which organizes the results of assimilation and accommodation (how?), because of maturation, cultural influences, and self-organization (why?) (Piaget 1970, 2001). The rate of change during the course from birth to maturity varies systematically, accel- erating and slowing down at different phases, so that cognitive development appears to be stage-like. In a sense, this summary of Piaget’s theory is also an accurate summary of the present volume. If this had been the whole story it would have been nice because our task of writing an introduction to the book would have finished here. Fortunately, for the field at least, this is not the whole story. We have come a long way since Piaget in our knowledge about all three aspects of change and therefore an introduction is indeed needed.<br>وبطبيعة الحال، واثني عشر فصلا تدرج في تداخل الكتاب إلى حد كبير، لأنها هي التي تحرك من قبل نفس الأسئلة الثلاثة المذكورة أعلاه. ومع ذلك، فإن الأجوبة والتركيز تختلف، تبعا معينة الافتراضات كل فصل episte- mological، وجوانب العقل أنه يركز على، والأساليب المستخدمة. وعموما، فإن الكتاب ينطوي على ثلاثة أقسام. فصول في أول sec- نشوئها الحاضر، أو تنبع من النماذج الحالية من التطور المعرفي، مع التركيز على تغيير نفسه. فصول (1) ديميتريو، (2) Raftopoulos، (3) فان دير ماس، يانسن وRaijmakers، (4) شوارتز وفيشر، و (5) Torbeyns، ارنو، لومير وVerchaffel تنتمي إلى هذه المجموعة. هذه الفصول تركز أكثر على ما أو كيف التغيير وتترك لماذا السؤال في الخلفية. فصول في القسم الثاني التركيز على الأساليب أو العوامل التي تحفز أو تتسبب في تغير المعرفي. هذا القسم يحتوي فصول من (6) لويس،<br>1
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