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21.Developing non-conventional capabilities. Concurrent with the developing of conventional capabilities, several key non-conventional capabilities should be developed. Within Southeast Asia,there is a disparity in terms of non-conventional capabilities, giving impetus to the need to close thecapability gaps between Southeast Asian armies.a.Counter-terrorist capabilities. Counter-terrorist capabilities allow governmentsto have an option of ‘no negotiation’ in hostage situations. If politically motivated,hostage situations could have political ramifications on governments, especially ifgovernments start to negotiate with terrorists.Peace-support and peacekeeping capabilities. Peace-support and peacekeepingcapabilities can be applied to areas riven with ethno-religious tensions or transnationalcrimes. In both types of operations, Southeast Asian countries will have to workclosely together in addressing not only rules-of-engagement, legal and operationalissues, but also CMR and intelligence sharing.Chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) capabilities. The proliferation andease of constructing CBR weapons has fuelled the possibility of a terrorist CBR attackon civilian concentrations. With CBR response capabilities, damages caused by suchattacks could be mitigated.b.c.22.Interoperability. Cooperative security would require a degree of interoperability amongstSoutheast Asian armies. At present, interoperability is limited by the differences in capabilitiesbetween Southeast Asian armies. While the intention to cooperate is genuine, the capability gaps
between armies could pose significant challenges. Hence, it is necessary to level-up the capability
gaps amongst Southeast Asian armies. This would require greater integration and coordination
amongst the ‘ASEAN Security Community’, in particular in C4I and training issues.40 Upgrading
the C4I capabilities of all Southeast Asian armies is a precondition of interoperability, allowing the
integration of intelligence collection efforts and information flow. The training of personnel to operate
high technology systems could be achieved through bilateral channels, with technologically-capable
countries providing assistance to others.
23.Technology transfer. Cooperative security would require the transfer of technology know-
how from technologically-capable armies to lesser ones. With the security challenges in mind,
technology will mitigate the effects of constraints faced by certain armies, such as the Singapore
Armed Forces, which faces considerable limitations in manpower. The transfer of technology
will oblige military leaders in the region to develop concepts that can exploit new technologies in
accordance with the strategic challenges. It could also provide the technology base for civil industries
to develop. However, harnessing technology is expensive. Hence, acquiring high-technology
equipment and developing new operating concepts with this new equipment is subject to availability
of defence budgets. With governments focused on economic development, the need for a stable and
secure environment for foreign investments could provide the impetus for additional funding.
24.Confidence-building. Given the uncertainty of the security environment in the region,
Southeast Asian governments should aim to reduce the response time for the deployment of military
and civil agencies to the area of operations. To reduce response time, mutual understanding will
be key. Hence, confidence-building within the region is critical. Defence bilateral and multilateral
cooperation, including combined training and personnel exchanges, should be strengthened to
maintain the understanding of differences amongst Southeast Asian armies.
Conclusion
25.Southeast Asia is a region in flux. Comprising a collection of nations with diverse ethnicity,
race, language and political systems, Southeast Asia has experienced the boom and bust of the
Asian economic miracle, fracturing of political systems and the shifting US strategic interests amid
the global war against terrorism.41 When juxtaposed on inter-state border issues, intra-state ethnic
tensions and the emergence of non-state actors, such as Jemaah Islamiah and Laksar Jihad, security
concerns in Southeast Asia are increasingly amalgamated. Only with a secure environment can
economic development take place.
26.Southeast Asian countries will need to focus on cooperative security. By working closer
together to resolve issues, military forces in Southeast Asia will need to be prepared to undertake
non-conventional tasks. This will coalesce member-states and hence facilitate the development of
mutual understanding, transparency and communications, developing the ‘ASEAN Way’ further.42
Hence, cooperation between military forces could be a harbinger for a more secure environment in
the near future, providing opportunities for economic development and better stability.
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