Due to the absence of more specific cognitive engagement measures, researchers also resorted to using scales and sub-scales from existing instruments, which to some degree resemble cognitive engagement. In numerous studies, researchers adapted self-regulated learning strategy scales (e.g. DeBacker and Crowson 2006; Dupeyrat and Marine´ 2005; Meece et al. 1988; Metallidou and Vlachou 2007). For instance, Metallidou and Vlachou (2007) used various self-regulatory learning sub-scales from the Motivated Strategies of Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich et al. 1991) such as rehearsal, elaboration, and organizational strategies, as a measure of students’ cognitive engagement. Although we agree that learning strategies manifest themselves in different forms of cognitive engagement, we have reservations whether it is admissible to simply rename self-regulated learning constructs and use them as measures of cognitive engagement