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Doctors' roleThe limits that apply to what doctors may ethically do in respect of capital punishment are clearly set out in the WMA declaration - World Medical Association Resolution on Doctor Participation in Capital Punishment . Put simply the doctor may have no role other than to confirm that a death has occurred. However this somewhat simplistic statement ignores the reality that there are many tasks the doctors might be asked to perform which relate to capital punishment and on which the above advice is silent, and other tasks on which there are real ethical debates still to be held. In addition, the statement ignores legal requirements and other devices aimed at compelling the prison doctor to become a participant.Although this chapter is about the roles that prison doctors might be asked to perform it is essential to recognise that many other doctors can be faced by similar dilemmas. In particular forensic psychiatrists face many specific challenges.One key factor in considering the role of prison doctors is the switch in many jurisdictions, to the use of lethal injection as the method of choice for executions. Many reasons are given for this switch. These include well-documented and publicised cases in which capital punishment by electrocution or gassing has 'gone wrong' and failed to produce death quickly. Post mortem examinations have confirmed the level of suffering of those executed and threatened to produce public revulsion and opposition. In general, the public consider death caused by lethal injection to be more humane, to cause less suffering, and thus to be easier to defend against charges of inhumanity. There is a public assumption that the process is no worse than that of induction of anaesthesia, to which it is clinically similar.For doctors a key fact is that this method medicalizes capital punishment. It uses medical technology to make capital punishment appear clean, clinical and flawless and to obscure the reality that it remains uncertain, flawed and frequently painful and humiliating under a clinical veneer. The process that is used is a version of the delivery of an anaesthetic agent, but after ensuring respiratory paralysis lethal agents are applied rather than artificial support for ventilation.To understand the various roles that doctors might be expected to play in different forms of capital punishment it is important to set this in a practical context. This allows us to see how the death sentence might be imposed and the various ways in which doctors might be called upon to participate.Involvement by doctors in the investigative phase will not be covered in this section. Involvement by doctors in trials and in sentencing will be mentioned, although in most cases the doctors involved will be forensic experts working for the state or the defence and not prison doctors. However, as some trials might be for offences allegedly perpetrated whilst in prison, the involvement of doctors in the trial process will be discussed. Involvement by doctors after the first trial, including in appeals, as well as in the execution process will be covered in some detail. A brief mention will also be made of the role prison doctors might have in campaigns against the death penalty.
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