Fourth, specific strategies are needed for fragile and failed states and war zones. Where local governments cannot or will not deliver what is required, the WHO and the World Bank, working with the rest of the UN system, need to devise strategies to sustain at least minimum public health capacities, since outbreaks are most likely to occur and gain momentum in such situations.
Fifth, appropriate incentives should be implemented. For example, the Commission recommends that the International Monetary Fund include pandemic preparedness in its assessments of countries’ economic performance and policy. Such evaluation will enable financial markets to take better account of such risks, which in turn will increase the incentives to mitigate them.