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Something we learn from the discussion so far is that, unlike many<br>other disciplines, not only do philosophers disagree about what claims<br>are warranted, they also disagree about what methods to use and what<br>types of data can support their claims. What methods and data should<br>be used by philosophy is as controversial an issue as any other issue is<br>in philosophy. This book takes a “twin track” approach. It addresses the<br>descriptive issue of identifying some of the methods and types of data<br>that philosophers have used. It also addresses the normative issue of<br>how those methods should be evaluated, and how much support those<br>types of data provide for philosophical claims. To pursue this normative issue, each chapter will contain case studies: actual examples of how<br>certain methods or types of data have been used to support, or undermine, philosophical claims. This brings the descriptive and the normative issues together, as we need to be clear both about what evidence a<br>particular philosopher offered for a certain claim, and also about how<br>reliable that support was. There also seems to be no better way of testing a proposed method or the value of certain data than by examining<br>how well they do in solving a knotty philosophical problem. As Bertrand<br>Russell warned us, “nothing of any value can be said on method except<br>أمثلة من خلال "(راسل عام 1914، 240). وبالتالي فإن استخدام دراسات الحالة هو في حد ذاته <br>عبوة المنهجي الذي لا غنى عنه في الفلسفة
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