is a malignant (cancerous) tumor wi

is a malignant (cancerous) tumor within the
stomach.
The stomach is a muscular sac located in the
upper middle of the abdomen, just below the
ribs. The stomach walls are lined with three
layers of powerful muscles that mix food with
enzymes and acids produced by glands in the
stomach's inner lining. The stomach's delicate
tissues are protected from this acidic mix by a
thick, gelatinous mucus that coats the stomach
lining. Food moves from the mouth through the
esophagus to reach the stomach. In the
stomach, the food becomes liquid. The liquid
then moves into the small intestine, where it is
digested even further.
Most (85%) cases of gastric cancer are
adenocarcinomas that occur in the lining of the
stomach (mucosa). Adenocarcinoma is a type
of cancer that develops in cells lining glandular
types of internal organs, such as the lungs,
breasts, colon, prostate, stomach, pancreas,
and cervix. Approximately 40% of cases
develop in the lower part of the stomach, called
the pylorus; 40% develop in the middle part,
called the body; and 15% develop in the upper
part, called the cardia. In about 10% of cases,
cancer develops in more than one part of the
organ.
Stomach cancer can spread (metastasize) to
the esophagus or the small intestine, and can
extend through the stomach wall to nearby
lymph nodes and organs, such as the liver,
pancreas, and colon. It also can metastasize to
other parts of the body, such as the lungs,
ovaries, and bones.
According to the National Cancer Institute
(NCI), approximately 760,000 cases of stomach
cancer are diagnosed worldwide and more than
24,000 cases are diagnosed in the United
States each year. Men are more likely than
women to develop stomach cancer. Incidence
is highest in Japan, South America, Eastern
Europe, and parts of the Middle East.
The American College of Gastroenterology has
found that stomach cancer occurs twice as
often in men and it is more common in people
over the age of 55. In the United States,
incidence is higher in African Americans than in
Caucasians.
Cancer of the stomach is difficult to cure
unless it is found at an early stage, before it
has begun to spread. Unfortunately, because
early stomach cancer causes few symptoms,
the disease is usually advanced when the
diagnosis is made. However, advanced
stomach cancer can be treated and the
symptoms can be relieved.
TYPES OF STOMACH CANCER
Adenocarcinomas: The great majority of
stomach cancers are adenocarcinomas, which
start in the glandular cells in the stomach's
inner-most lining. Adenocarcinomas account for
about 95% of all stomach cancers.
Lymphomas: Lymphomas are cancers of the
immune system tissue in the stomach wall.
Some lymphomas grow fast, whereas others
grow much more slowly. Aggressive
lymphomas, known medically as mucosa-
associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas,
usually stem from H. pylori bacterial infection
and are often curable when found in the early
stages.
Carcinoid tumors: A small percentage of
stomach cancers are slow growing tumors that
originate in the stomach's hormone-producing
cells. Carcinoid tumors tend to grow less
quickly and spread (metastasize) less
frequently than adenocarcinomas.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs):
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are
rare tumors developed from cells called
interstitial cells of Cajal. Interstitial cells of
Cajal are part of the autonomic nervous system
and trigger gut contraction. The autonomic
nervous system consists of the nerves in the
part of the nervous system that regulate non-
conscious body functions, such as heart rate,
blood pressure, and intestinal function.
Although GISTs can occur anywhere from the
esophagus to the rectum, most are found in the
stomach. Approximately 5,000 GISTs are
diagnosed each year in the United States, and
they occur most commonly in the stomach
(60-70%) and small intestine (20-30%). The
remaining cases affect the large intestine and
esophagus. Most GISTs occur in people 40-80
years old, and GIST is more common in men
than in women. There are no known risk factors
for GIST; however, there appears to be a small
increase in risk of developing GIST if there is a
family history of the disease.
Recurrent cancer: Recurrent cancer can occur
in individuals in remission from gastric cancer.
Recurrent cancer means that although the
individual's tumor was either partially or
completely eliminated by treatment and was no
longer detectable using diagnostic testing, a
few cancer cells may not have been completely
destroyed, allowing for these cells to multiply
and return as a new tumor.
CAUSES AND RISK FACTORS
Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way.
This process is controlled by DNA, the genetic
material that contains the instructions for every
chemical process in the body. When DNA is
damaged, these genes may not function
properly, causing cells to grow out of control
and eventually form a tumor - a mass of
malignant cells.
Age: Most individuals with stomach cancer
develop it at age 72 or older.
Gender: Men are more likely than women to
develop stomach cancer.
Ethnicity: Stomach cancer is more common in
Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and African
Americans than in non-Hispanic, Caucasian
Americans.
Diet: Studies suggest that people who eat a
diet high in smoked, salted, or pickled foods
may be at an increased risk for stomach
cancer. Nitrates and nitrites are nitrogen-based
chemicals that are added to certain foods,
especially cured meats such as ham, bacon,
hot dogs, and deli meats. Both nitrates and
nitrites combine with other nitrogen-containing
substances in the stomach to form N-nitroso
compounds, which are carcinogens (cancer-
causing agents) that are known to cause
stomach cancer. Countries where consumption
of salted meat and fish and pickled vegetables
is high (such as Japan and Korea) tend to have
correspondingly high rates of stomach cancer.
Eating a diet high in red meat, especially when
the meat is barbecued or well-done, also has
been linked to stomach cancer. Eating fresh
fruits and vegetables may help protect against
this disease.
Helicobacter pylori infection: Helicobacter
pylori, or H. pylori, is a type of bacteria that
commonly lives in the stomach without causing
harm. H. pylori infection increases the risk of
stomach inflammation and stomach ulcers. It
also increases the risk of stomach cancer, but
only a small number of infected people develop
stomach cancer.
Smoking: Individuals who smoke are more likely
to develop stomach cancer than people who do
not smoke. Smoking particularly increases the
risk for stomach cancers by causing irritation of
the upper portion of the stomach closest to the
esophagus. The rate of stomach cancer is
about doubled in smokers.
Other health conditions: Conditions that cause
inflammation or other problems in the stomach
may increase the risk of stomach cancer.
These include stomach surgery and chronic
gastritis (long-term inflammation of the
stomach lining).
Genetics: Several different genetic mutations,
or abnormalities, have been linked to
gastrointestinal cancer.
Mutations in the serine/threonine kinase 11
(STK11) gene may cause Peutz-Jeghers
syndrome, which is characterized by polyps in
the gastrointestinal tract. These polyps may
cause different types of cancers, including
gastrointestinal, pancreatic, cervical, ovarian,
and breast cancers. The STK11 gene is a
tumor-suppressor gene, which prevents cells
from growing uncontrollably.
Mutations in the adenomatosis polyposis coli
(APC) gene may lead to APC-associated
polyposis conditions, which include: familial
adenomatous polyposis (FAP), attenuated FAP,
Gardner syndrome, and Turcot syndrome. All of
these conditions predispose individuals to a
higher risk of colon cancer and other cancers.
Mutations in the E-cadherin (CDH1) gene have
been linked to hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
(HDGC), which is a cancer of the stomach.
Women who have HDGC are also more
susceptible to having lobular breast cancer.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Early stomach cancer usually does not cause
symptoms. Symptoms usually indicate
advanced disease and include abdominal
discomfort or pain, blood in stool, bloating
(especially after eating), diarrhea or
constipation, fatigue, gastrointestinal bleeding,
indigestion or heartburn, loss of appetite,
nausea and vomiting, and weight loss.
COMPLICATIONS
Pain: Large stomach tumors may press on
surrounding nerves, leading to back or
abdominal pain that can sometimes be severe.
Metastasis: Metastasis (the spreading of
cancer) is the most serious complication of
stomach cancer. The stomach is surrounded by
a number of vital organs, including the
pancreas, spleen, liver, lungs, and intestine.
DIAGNOSIS
Laboratory tests:
Diagnosis of stomach cancer involves taking a
medical history and performing a physical
examination and laboratory tests. A tumor or
mass may indicate advanced disease. Tests
may include fecal occult blood test, complete
blood count (CBC), upper GI series (also called
barium swallow), gastroscopy, and imaging
tests. A doctor will decide what tests are right
for the individual.
Fecal occult blood test: A fecal occult blood
test is used to detect microscopic blood in the
stool, which may indicate stomach or other
gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, such as
colorectal cancer.
Complete blood count: A complete blood count
(CBC) is a simple blood test used to measure
the concentration of white blood cells, red
blood cells, and platelets.
Tumor marker test: The presence of tumor
markers, also called biomarkers, may indicate
cancer. Tumor markers are substances that are
either produced by the tumor or the host when
cancer is present. There are several different
tumor markers for different cancers. The tumor
marker carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is
present in ovarian, lung, breast, pancreatic, and
gastrointestinal cancers.
Genetic testing: Testing for genetic mutations
may be used to screen high risk individuals and
to confirm cancer in suspected individuals.
Scientists may test for muta

النتائج (العربية) 1:

ورم خبيث (سرطاني) داخلالمعدة.المعدة كيس عضلي الموجود فيالأوسط العلوي من البطن، فقط أدناهأضلاعه. واصطف مع ثلاثة جدران المعدةطبقات من العضلات القوية التي خلط الطعام معالإنزيمات والأحماض التي تنتجها الغدد فيالبطانة الداخلية للمعدة. المعدة في الدقيقةتتم حماية الأنسجة من هذا المزيج الحمضيمخاط سميك، هلامية أن المعاطف المعدةبطانة. ينتقل الطعام من الفم من خلالالمريء يصل إلى المعدة. في المربعالمعدة، ويصبح الطعام السائل. السائلثم ينتقل إلى الأمعاء الدقيقة، حيث أنهااستوعبت أكثر من ذلك.تكون معظم حالات الإصابة بسرطان المعدة (85%)أدينوكارسينوماس التي تحدث في البطانةالمعدة (الغشاء المخاطي). نوع من غديةمن السرطان الذي يتطور في خلايا بطانة غديأنواع أجهزة الداخلية، مثل الرئتين،الثدي، القولون، البروستاتا، والمعدة، والبنكرياس،وعنق الرحم. حوالي 40% حالاتوضع في الجزء السفلي من المعدة، ودعابواب؛ وضع 40% في الجزء الأوسط،ودعا الجسم. ووضع 15% في الجزء العلويجزء، دعا فؤاد. في حوالي 10% حالات،تطور السرطان في جزء واحد أو أكثر منالجهاز.يمكن أن ينتشر سرطان المعدة (السرطاني) إلىالمريء أو الأمعاء الدقيقة، ويمكن أنيمتد عبر جدار المعدة إلى مكان قريبالليمفاوية والأجهزة، مثل الكبد،البنكرياس، والقولون. أنها أيضا يمكن أن السرطاني إلىأجزاء أخرى من الجسم، مثل الرئتين،المبيض، والعظام.ووفقا لمعهد السرطان الوطني(NCI)، 760,000 تقريبا حالات المعدةويتم تشخيص السرطان في جميع أنحاء العالم وأكثر منويتم تشخيص حالات 24,000 في الولايات المتحدةالدول كل سنة. الرجال هم أكثر عرضه منالمرأة للإصابة بسرطان المعدة. معدل الإصابةهي الأعلى في اليابان وأمريكا الجنوبية والشرقيةأوروبا وأجزاء من الشرق الأوسط.الكلية الأمريكية لأمراض الجهاز الهضمي وقدوجد أن سرطان المعدة تحدث مرتينوكثيراً ما في الرجال، وأكثر شيوعاً في الناستزيد أعمارهم على 55. في الولايات المتحدة،معدل أعلى في الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي منالقوقازيين.ومن الصعب لعلاج سرطان المعدةإلا أنها وجدت في مرحلة مبكرة، قبل أنوقد بدأ ينتشر. لسوء الحظ، لأنيسبب سرطان المعدة المبكر أعراض قليلة،المرض عادة ما تكون متقدمة عندمايتم إجراء التشخيص. ومع ذلك، متقدمةويمكن علاج سرطان المعدةالأعراض يمكن أن يزول.أنواع من سرطان المعدةأدينوكارسينوماس: أن الغالبية العظمى منسرطان المعدة، أدينوكارسينوماس، الذيتبدأ في الخلايا الغدية على معدتهمعظم الداخلية بطانة. حساب أدينوكارسينوماسحوالي 95 في المائة من جميع حالات السرطان في المعدة.الأورام الليمفاوية: الأورام الليمفاوية من سرطانالجهاز المناعي الأنسجة في جدار المعدة.بعض الأورام الليمفاوية تنمو بسرعة، بينما البعض الآخرتنمو ببطء أكبر. العدوانيةالأورام الليمفاوية، معروف طبيا الغشاء المخاطي-الأورام الليمفاوية الأنسجة اللمفاوية المرتبطة بها (الشعير)،وعادة ما تنبع من H. pylori العدوى البكتيريةand are often curable when found in the earlystages.Carcinoid tumors: A small percentage ofstomach cancers are slow growing tumors thatoriginate in the stomach's hormone-producingcells. Carcinoid tumors tend to grow lessquickly and spread (metastasize) lessfrequently than adenocarcinomas.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs):Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arerare tumors developed from cells calledinterstitial cells of Cajal. Interstitial cells ofCajal are part of the autonomic nervous systemand trigger gut contraction. The autonomicnervous system consists of the nerves in thepart of the nervous system that regulate non-conscious body functions, such as heart rate,blood pressure, and intestinal function.Although GISTs can occur anywhere from theesophagus to the rectum, most are found in thestomach. Approximately 5,000 GISTs arediagnosed each year in the United States, andthey occur most commonly in the stomach(60-70%) and small intestine (20-30%). Theremaining cases affect the large intestine andesophagus. Most GISTs occur in people 40-80years old, and GIST is more common in menthan in women. There are no known risk factorsfor GIST; however, there appears to be a smallincrease in risk of developing GIST if there is afamily history of the disease.Recurrent cancer: Recurrent cancer can occurin individuals in remission from gastric cancer.Recurrent cancer means that although theindividual's tumor was either partially orcompletely eliminated by treatment and was nolonger detectable using diagnostic testing, afew cancer cells may not have been completelydestroyed, allowing for these cells to multiplyand return as a new tumor.CAUSES AND RISK FACTORSHealthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way.This process is controlled by DNA, the geneticmaterial that contains the instructions for everychemical process in the body. When DNA isdamaged, these genes may not functionproperly, causing cells to grow out of controland eventually form a tumor - a mass ofmalignant cells.Age: Most individuals with stomach cancerdevelop it at age 72 or older.Gender: Men are more likely than women todevelop stomach cancer.Ethnicity: Stomach cancer is more common inAsian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and AfricanAmericans than in non-Hispanic, CaucasianAmericans.Diet: Studies suggest that people who eat adiet high in smoked, salted, or pickled foodsmay be at an increased risk for stomachcancer. Nitrates and nitrites are nitrogen-basedchemicals that are added to certain foods,especially cured meats such as ham, bacon,hot dogs, and deli meats. Both nitrates andnitrites combine with other nitrogen-containingsubstances in the stomach to form N-nitrosocompounds, which are carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) that are known to causestomach cancer. Countries where consumptionof salted meat and fish and pickled vegetablesis high (such as Japan and Korea) tend to havecorrespondingly high rates of stomach cancer.Eating a diet high in red meat, especially whenthe meat is barbecued or well-done, also hasbeen linked to stomach cancer. Eating freshfruits and vegetables may help protect againstthis disease.Helicobacter pylori infection: Helicobacterpylori, or H. pylori, is a type of bacteria thatcommonly lives in the stomach without causingharm. H. pylori infection increases the risk ofstomach inflammation and stomach ulcers. Italso increases the risk of stomach cancer, butonly a small number of infected people developstomach cancer.Smoking: Individuals who smoke are more likelyto develop stomach cancer than people who donot smoke. Smoking particularly increases therisk for stomach cancers by causing irritation ofthe upper portion of the stomach closest to theesophagus. The rate of stomach cancer isabout doubled in smokers.Other health conditions: Conditions that causeinflammation or other problems in the stomachmay increase the risk of stomach cancer.These include stomach surgery and chronicgastritis (long-term inflammation of thestomach lining).Genetics: Several different genetic mutations,or abnormalities, have been linked togastrointestinal cancer.Mutations in the serine/threonine kinase 11(STK11) gene may cause Peutz-Jegherssyndrome, which is characterized by polyps inthe gastrointestinal tract. These polyps mayتسبب أنواع مختلفة من السرطان، بما في ذلكالجهاز الهضمي والبنكرياس وعنق الرحم والمبيض،وسرطان الثدي. الجين STK11ورم المكثف الجينات، مما يمنع الخلايامن تزايد حسيب.الطفرات في القولونية مرجلات أدينوماتوسيسقد تؤدي الجينات (APC) لآسيا والمحيط الهادئ المرتبطةالظروف العائلية، التي تشمل: عائليغدومي العائلية (يندرج)، يندرج الموهنة،متلازمة غاردنر، ومتلازمة توركوت. كل منهذه الشروط تعرض الأفراد إلىارتفاع خطر الإصابة بسرطان القولون وغيرها من أنواع السرطان.أن الطفرات في الجينات ه-كادهيرين (CDH1)وقد ترتبط وراثية سرطان المعدة منتشر(هدجك)، وهو سرطان المعدة.النساء اللاتي هدجك أيضا أكثرعرضه لوجود سرطان الثدي مفصص.علامات وأعراضعادة لا يسبب سرطان المعدة المبكرالأعراض. الأعراض عادة ما تشير إلىمتقدمة من المرض وتشمل البطنعدم الراحة أو الألم، والدم في البراز، والنفخ(لا سيما بعد تناول الطعام)، الإسهال أونزيف الإمساك، والتعب، والجهاز الهضمي،عسر الهضم أو حرقه، فقدان الشهية،الغثيان والقيء وفقدان الوزن.مضاعفاتألم: أورام المعدة الكبيرة قد اضغطالمحيطة بالاعصاب، مما يؤدي إلى العودة أوالأم في البطن التي يمكن أن تكون شديدة في بعض الأحيان.خبيث: خبيث (نشرسرطان) هو مضاعفات أخطر منسرطان المعدة. هو محاط بالمعدةعدد من الأجهزة الحيوية، بما في ذلكالبنكرياس والطحال والكبد، والرئتين والأمعاء.تشخيصالاختبارات المعملية:تشخيص الإصابة بسرطان المعدة ويشمل أخذالتاريخ الطبي وأداء الماديةاختبارات الفحص والمختبرات. ورم أوقد يشير إلى كتلة متقدمة من المرض. الاختباراتوقد تشمل البراز غامض اختبار الدم، كاملةعد الدم (CBC)، سلسلة غي العلوي (وتسمى أيضاابتلاع الباريوم)، منظار المعدة، وتصويرالاختبارات. سوف يقرر طبيب ما هي الاختبارات على حقللفرد.اختبار الدم الخفي البراز: دم الخفي البرازيستخدم الاختبار للكشف عن الدم المجهرية فيالبراز، والتي قد تشير إلى المعدة أو غيرهاالجهاز الهضمي (غي) السرطانات، مثلسرطان القولون والمستقيم.عد الدم الكامل: عد الدم الكامل(CBC) اختبار الدم بسيطة المستخدمة لقياسأن تركيز خلايا الدم البيضاء، الحمراءخلايا الدم والصفائح الدموية.اختبار علامة الورم: وجود ورمقد تشير إلى علامات، وتسمى أيضا المؤشرات الحيوية،السرطان. علامات الورم هي المواد التي يتمأما تنتجها الورم أو المضيف عندماالسرطان موجود. هناك عدة مختلفةورم علامات لأنواع مختلفة من السرطان. ورمعلامة carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)في المبيض، الرئة، سرطان الثدي والبنكرياس، وسرطان الجهاز الهضمي.الاختبارات الجينية: اختبار للطفرات الوراثيةيمكن أن تستخدم لفحص الأفراد عالية المخاطر وللتأكد من السرطان في الأفراد المشتبه فيهم.يمكن اختبار العلماء لمؤتة

النتائج (العربية) 3:

الخبيثه (السرطان) الورم داخل

المعدة المعدة هي كيس عضلي يقع في
فوق المتوسط البطن، أسفل
الأضلاع.جدران المعدة التي تصطف مع ثلاثة
طبقات من العضلات القوية التي تخلط مع الطعام
الإنزيمات و الأحماض التي تنتجها الغدد في المعدة
البطانة الداخلية.المعدة الحساسة
حماية الأنسجة من هذا المزيج الحمضية بواسطة
سميكة،مخاط لزج ان المعاطف
بطانة المعدة.ينتقل الطعام من الفم عبر
المريء حتى يصل إلى المعدة.في
المعدة الطعام تصبح سائلة.السائل
ثم ينتقل إلى الأمعاء الدقيقة حيث يتم هضمها بشكل أكبر

معظم (85%) من حالات سرطان المعدة هي

Adenocarcinomas التي تحدث في بطانة المعدة (مخاطية).غدي هو نوع