Lack of intrinsic
motivation (Plane, 2009) results in students making rather random career choices, and this, in turn, results in high dropout rates.
In recent years, schools for vocational education in the European Union are increasingly investing in career guidance (Company,
2009). At the same time, it is clear that the school managers have little or no vision regarding career guidance and counselling;
they simply invest in doing more of the same (i.e., repeating the same established but ineffective guidance activities) (Meijers,
2008). In part, the lack of a clear vision among managers is the result of the lack of consensus about what constitutes effective
career guidance in an educational context (Law, 2005; OECD, 2004).