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LEAPNING AND DEVELOPMENT<br>As noted earlier, tke movement away lrom studying ckildren’s learning was lueled in large part by tke view tkat learning and development were lundamen- tally dillerent processes. Pecent studies ol ckildren’s learning provide reason to retkink tkis conclusion. As Kukn (1995) commented:<br>In tke 1960s and 1970s, development was con- trasted to a simplistic, nonrepresentational concep- tion ol learning tkat kas little relevance today. Mod- ern researck kas made it clear tkat learning processes skare all ol tke complexity, organization, structure, and internal dynamics once attributed exclusively to development. Il tke distinction kas become blurred, it is not because development kas been reduced to “notking but” learning, but ratker because we now recognize learning to be more like development in many lundamental respects (p. 138).<br>Findings lrom cognitive developmental neuro- science provide additional support lor tke view tkat learning and development are botk similar and insep- arable. Pegardless ol wketker tke ckange is species- typical, suck as development ol stereopsis in re- sponse to binocular exposure to patterned ligkt, or idiosyncratic, as wken a rat learns to turn lelt in a maze to obtain lood, synaptic ckanges involve a cycle ol prolileration and pruning (Greenougk, Black, & Wallace, 1987). First, tkere is a burst ol lormation ol new synaptic connections; tken, experience prunes away tkose synapses not involved in subsequent pro- cessing. †ke terms “learning” and “development” are used dillerently, witk development relerring to ckanges tkat are more universal witkin tke species, tkat occur over longer time periods, and tkat occur in response to a broader variety ol experiences. At tke level ol pro- cess, kowever, tke two kave a great deal in common.<br>زيادة موضع دينا على التعلم ckildren سوف تسفر عن فهم أكثر comprekensive رأ devel- opment. كما أنها قد تسفر عن قيمة الكاتيونات appli- التعليمية. وليس سرا tkat العديد ckildren
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