النتائج (
العربية) 2:
[نسخ]نسخ!
To train a pigeon to recognize a human face , you reward it for pecking when it sees a human image , but not when it pecks at other image .
Trained pigeons can also distinguish between new images such as chairs , people , flower , and cars. They can tell the difference between Stravinsky’s music and Bach’s . A food reward can likewise train a manatee to distinguish between objects of different sizes , shapes , and colors , and to remember its reactions for a year .
Does this also apply to humans? Perhaps rewards and punishments can train us to behave in certain ways .If so , what works better for us : rewards as in the above experiments , or punishments?
• Such questions suggest the research of B.F. Skinner . He developed a behavioral technology from a simple common-sense fact about life : rewarded behavior will probably recur. Suppose you want a rat to push a bar. You observe its natural , untrained behaviors and build on them , by providing it with food each time it comes near the bar until it approaches it regularly . Then you induce it to come even closer before you reward it .Then closer still . Finally , you require it to touch the bar before you feed it . Skinner employed this procedure called “ shaping “ to guide an animal’s behavior gradually toward some goal he set . You reward , usually with food , responses that reach ever closer to your goal , and you ignore other responses . Even complex behaviors from such successive approximations .Pigeons walk in a figure 8, play ping-pong , and keep a guided missile on course under Skinner’s tutelage.
The examples so far assume the reinforcement of a response each time it happens . Learning occurs rapidly in such cases . But continuous reinforcement rarely exists in life . We stop feeding money into a soda machine if it fails to deliver twice in a row ;previously reinforced behavior rapidly dies out when the reinforcement ceases .
The optimal use of positive reinforcers requires several other things as well :
• Reinforce behaviors as soon as they occur ;
• Set only a small task for a small reward ;
• Define successive approximations to the desired behavior and reinforce each of them when achieved ;
• Start with a continuous reinforcement and change to partial reinforcement when the subject reaches a target behavior .
We differ in our reasons for engaging in the same activity . A means to an end for one person translates into an end in itself for another . It is the distinction between the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation :We act in an intrinsically motivated way when we find the endeavor a challenge , of inherent interest , and enjoyable .We do it for its own sake : too much incentive and pressure from outside an activity can undermine the enjoyment it induces by itself . We soon find the pleasure of eating tasty food becomes work if we accept money for it . Extrinsic motivation replaces its intrinsic cousin . A reward may sometimes reinforce a desired behavior ; sometimes it may act against it .
يجري ترجمتها، يرجى الانتظار ..
