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However, if the order of integration of any of the variables is greaterthan one, for example an I(2) variable, then the critical bounds providedby Pesaran et al. (2001) and Narayan (2005) are not valid. They arecomputed on the basis that the variables are I(0) or I(1). For this purpose,it is necessary to test for unit root to ensure that all the variablessatisfy the underlying assumptions of the ARDL bounds testing approachof cointegration methodology before proceeding to the estimationstage. In order to overcome the low power problems associatedwith conventional unit root tests, especially in small samples,we thereforeprefer the weighted symmetric ADF test (ADF-WS) of Park andFuller (1995). It requires much shorter sample sizes than conventionalunit root tests to attain the same statistical power. Leybourne et al.(2005) have recently noted that ADF-WS has good size and powerproperties compared to other tests.Basically, the ARDL bounds testing approach of cointegration involvestwo steps for estimating long-run relationship. The first stepis to investigate the existence of long run relationship among allvariables in the equation. The ARDL model for Eq. (1) may followas:Δcot ¼ α1 þXa1g¼1α2gΔcot−g þXb1h¼0α3hΔect−h þXc1i¼0α4iΔyt−iþXd1j¼0α5jΔy2t−j þXe1m¼0α6mΔopt−m þXf 1n¼0α7nΔf dt−n þ δ1cot−1þδ2ect−1 þ δ3yt−1 þ δ4y2t−1 þ δ5opt−1 þ δ6f dt−1 þ ε1tð2Þwhere ε1t and Δ are the white noise term and the first differenceoperator, respectively. An appropriate lag selection based on a criterionsuch as Akaike information criterion (AIC) and SchwarzBayesian Criterion (SBC). The bounds testing procedure is basedon the joint F-statistic or Wald statistic that is tested the null ofno cointegration, H0:δr=0, against the alternative of H1:δr≠0,r=1, 2, …, 6. Two sets of critical values that are reported inPesaran et al. (2001) provide critical value bounds for all classificationsof the regressors into purely I(1), purely I(0) or mutuallycointegrated. If the calculated F-statistics lies above the upperlevel of the band, the null is rejected, indicating cointegration. Ifthe calculated F-statistics is below the upper critical value, we cannotreject the null hypothesis of no cointegration. Finally, if it liesbetween the bounds, a conclusive inference cannot be made withoutknowing the order of integration of the underlying regressors.Recently, Narayan (2005) argues that existing critical valueswhich are based on large sample sizes cannot be used for smallsample sizes. Thus, Narayan (2005) regenerated the set of criticalvalues for the limited data ranging from 30–80 observations byusing the Pesaran et al.'s (2001) GAUSS code. With the limited
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