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Phonology is essentially the description of the systems and patterns of speech soundsin a language. It is, in effect, based on a theory of what every speaker of a languageunconsciously knows about the sound patterns of that language. Because of thistheoretical status, phonology is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of thesounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.If we can manage to make sense of Bob Belviso’s comic introduction to the story ofGoldilocks and the Three Bears quoted earlier, we must be using our phonologicalknowledge of likely combinations of sounds in English words to overcome some veryunusual spellings of those words. (See the end of the chapter for a translation.)Phonology is about the underlying design, the blueprint of each sound type,which servesas the constant basis of all the variations in different physical articulations of that soundtype in different contexts.When we think of the [t] sound in the words tar, star, writer andeighth as being “the same,”we actually mean that, in the phonology of English, theywouldbe represented in the same way. In actual speech, these [t] sounds are all very different.However, all these articulation differences in [t] sounds are less important to us than thedistinction between the [t] sounds in general and the [k] sounds, or the [f] sounds, or the[b] sounds, because there are meaningful consequences related to the use of one ratherthan the others. These sounds must be distinct meaningful sounds, regardless of whichindividual vocal tract is being used to pronounce them, because they are what make thewords tar, car, far and bar meaningfully distinct. Considered from this point of view, wecan see that phonology is concerned with the abstract set of sounds in a language thatallows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we say and hear.
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