النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
2.Southeast Asia has undergone seismic changes since the region was economically dampenedby the ubiquitous financial crisis in 1997. Most economies have recovered from the setback and areback on the economic development track. However, the economic downturn has unleashed a waveof separatist and fundamentalist movements and governments, crippled by the lack of funds andresources, were unable to contain the spread of the malady. Some of these fundamentalist movementshave eventually transformed into terrorist movements.4 When juxtaposed on existing border disputeswithin Southeast Asian countries, transnational issues like drug and illegal trade, and intra-state ethnictensions, Southeast Asia will continue to pose uncertainty to military planners and consequently, forcestructuring.3.The aim of this paper is to analyse the nature of security challenges in 2020 in Southeast Asiaand assess the impact of these challenges on Southeast Asian armies. Since the future could only beunderstood through the lens of present day, the first part of the paper will identify current geopoliticsand security concerns in Southeast Asia. This is followed by a description of the nature of securitychallenges in 2020. Finally, the impact of these security challenges on Southeast Asian armies will beassessed. The basic hypothesis of this paper is that Southeast Asian armies will have to work closertogether in response to the strategic uncertainty given the effects of regionalisation in Southeast Asia.In so doing, Southeast Asian armies will need to operate together, thus possibly providing ASEANthe catalyst to move beyond mere confidence building to cooperative securityThe geopolitical and security environment in 20209.Why 2020? 2020 will be a significant milestone in the development of Southeast Asianaffairs as the ASEAN Vision 2020 aims to create a tariff-free Southeast Asian market.16 With thisfree trade area, the economic prosperity of Southeast Asia will be regionalised with greater economicinterdependence.17 This economic interdependence could translate into political and securityinterdependence amongst Southeast Asian countries.10.Rise of amalgamated threats. The security environment in 2020 will be more complicatedthan today. Most security challenges will increasingly take on an amalgamated veneer as one particularform of threat could amalgamate with others, manifesting itself differently.18 For instance, the Islamicmilitant group Abu Sayyaf commits banditry, such as kidnapping, to fund its terrorist activities.Amalgamation can be conceptualised in three realms. Firstly, security threats are continuously takingon a transnational nature; security threats will no longer be bounded by geography.19 Secondly,security threats are starting to have external links with other global organisations with similar politicalagendas, as the case of Jemaah Islamiah illustrates. Thirdly, security threats are increasingly usingviolent means to spread their cause. Security challenges in 2020 can be put into context in Figure 2.11.Decline of inter-state armed conflicts. The possibility of inter-state armed conflict withinSoutheast Asia would decline.20 This is because the ASEAN forum is still seen as a viable conflictresolution platform. Furthermore, nations will not jeopardise their economic recovery unless the issueinfringes on the sovereignty of a particular country. Hence, armed conflict carries a heavy economiccost. Influences from global and regional powers would also contain the outbreak of armed conflictsas these would have major global implications. However, this equilibrium may be interrupted shouldImpact on Southeast Asia and its armies: Forging cooperative security15.The complexity of threats in the not-too-distant future raises important questions on theforce structure of Southeast Asian armies. By 2020, issues predominantly of transnational naturewould dominate the security climate in Southeast Asia. In such a regionalised environment, closercooperation between governments, military forces and other security agencies would be a lynchpinin ensuring a stability that transcends national boundaries. Cooperative security could provide aframework for closer cooperation.16.Cooperative security defined. Cooperative security is conceptualised as cooperationbetween ASEAN governments, military forces, civil and non-government organisations, focusing onthe common security challenges posed by amalgamated threats. Cooperative security will harness thestrengths of member states against the vulnerabilities of such threats. For instance, against militantshiding in jungles, the Malaysian Armed Forces, with their expertise in Counter Insurgency Warfare,could provide advice and assistance on operations designed to root out these militants. Hence, a pre-condition of cooperative security is the understanding of the true nature of a particular threat andappropri
يجري ترجمتها، يرجى الانتظار ..
