2. Methodology and data
Following the empirical literature, the standard log-linear functional
specification of long-run relationship between per capita carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption, per capita real income, the square
of per capita real income, openness and financial development in
Turkey may be expressed as:
co
t ¼ β1 þ β2ect þ β3yt þ β4y2t þ β5op þ β6fd þ εt ð1Þ
where, co is the carbon dioxide emissions (measured in metric kilograms per capita), ec is the energy use (measured in kg of oil equivalent
per capita), y is per capita real GDP (constant 2000 US$), y2 is the square
of per capita real GDP, op is the openness indicator (foreign trade, % of
GDP), fd is the financial development indicator (domestic credit to private sector, % of GDP) and εt is the error term. The annual time series
data are taken from the World Development Indicators (WDI) online
database for the 1960–2007 period. All variables are employed with
their natural logarithms form to reduce heteroskedasticity and to obtain
the growth rate of the relevant variables by their differenced logarithms. The parameters, βi, i=2, 3 …, 6, indicate the long-run elasticity
estimates of per capita carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption, per capita real income, the square of per capita real income, openness and financial development, respectively. The positive long-run
elasticity estimates of per capita carbon emissions with respect to per
capita energy consumption, β2〉0, indicate that increase in per capita
energy consumption results in an increase in per capita carbon emissions. Under the EKC hypothesis the long-run elasticity estimates of
per capita carbon emissions with respect to per capita real income
and the square of per capita real income expected to be β3〉0 and β4〈0.
This means there exists an inverted U-shape pattern that as per capita
real income increases, per capita carbon emissions increase as well
until some threshold level of per capita real income is reached after
which per capita carbon emissions begin to decline. We also expect
β5〉0 and β6〉0. Table 1 provides the descriptive statistics of these series
for Turkish Economy.
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
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2. Methodology and dataFollowing the empirical literature, the standard log-linear functionalspecification of long-run relationship between per capita carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption, per capita real income, the squareof per capita real income, openness and financial development inTurkey may be expressed as:cot ¼ β1 þ β2ect þ β3yt þ β4y2t þ β5op þ β6fd þ εt ð1Þwhere, co is the carbon dioxide emissions (measured in metric kilograms per capita), ec is the energy use (measured in kg of oil equivalentper capita), y is per capita real GDP (constant 2000 US$), y2 is the squareof per capita real GDP, op is the openness indicator (foreign trade, % ofGDP), fd is the financial development indicator (domestic credit to private sector, % of GDP) and εt is the error term. The annual time seriesdata are taken from the World Development Indicators (WDI) onlinedatabase for the 1960–2007 period. All variables are employed withtheir natural logarithms form to reduce heteroskedasticity and to obtainthe growth rate of the relevant variables by their differenced logarithms. The parameters, βi, i=2, 3 …, 6, indicate the long-run elasticityestimates of per capita carbon emissions, per capita energy consumption, per capita real income, the square of per capita real income, openness and financial development, respectively. The positive long-runelasticity estimates of per capita carbon emissions with respect to perنصيب الفرد من استهلاك الطاقة، β2〉0، تشير إلى أن هذه الزيادة في نصيب الفرداستهلاك الطاقة يؤدي إلى زيادة في انبعاثات الكربون للفرد الواحد. تحت فرضية اكك تقديرات مرونة الطويلانبعاثات الكربون للفرد فيما يتعلق بالدخل الحقيقي للفرد الواحدوالساحة للدخل الحقيقي للفرد الواحد ومن المتوقع أن تكون β3〉0 و β4〈0.وهذا يعني وجود المقلوب نمط شكل U حسب نصيب الفردزيادة الدخل الحقيقي، وزيادة انبعاثات الكربون للفرد الواحد، وكذلكحتى يتم التوصل إلى بعض عتبة مستوى الدخل الحقيقي للفرد الواحد بعدانبعاثات الكربون للفرد الواحد الذي يبدأ في الانخفاض. ونحن نتوقع أيضاΒ5〉0 و β6〉0. ويقدم الجدول 1 إحصاءات وصفية لهذه السلسلةللاقتصاد التركي.
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