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Mero
طلبات الصداقة
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Mohmmed Haker
علي ايهم
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زهره الاحلام
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العربية · الخصوصية · الشروط · ملفات تعريف الارتباطات · لإعلاناتكم · اختيارات الإعلانات
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Akber The great The Best Emperor Of history
24 ديسمبر، 2013 ·
“Allahu-akbar!” (“God is
great!”) – the Great
Emperor Akbar
In the year 1582, a letter arrived
for King Philip II (1527 – 1598)
of Spain. Part of the letter read as
follows:
“As most men are fettered by
bonds of tradition, and by
imitating ways followed by
their fathers, ancestors,
relatives and acquaintances,
everyone continues, without
investigating their arguments
and reasons, to follow the
religion in which he was born
and educated, thus excluding
himself from the possibility of
ascertaining the truth, which is
the noblest aim of the human
intellect. Therefore we
associate at convenient
seasons with learned men of
all religions, thus deriving
profit from their exquisite
discourses and exalted
aspirations.”
It was amidst raging anti-
Protestant movements in Spain
and beyond, in a setting where
monarchial edicts legalized
killings and wars against
Protestant Christians in Spanish
territory, when this renowned
letter made its way into the hands
of King Philip II. That a letter
worded in such a manner should
come from a Muslim ruler in Asia
and be intended for the
readership of a medieval
European Catholic audience came
as a surprise not only for the
Spanish king himself, but also for
many historians and lay people of
today. Insofar as religious
tolerance in the history of
mankind is concerned, this letter
is perhaps one of the greatest to
ever have been written by human
hands, and its writer perhaps one
of the greatest ruler ever to have
walked the surface of the earth.
That the writer of the above
letter, a Muslim ruler in a land
coloured by centuries-long Hindu
resentment towards Islam (and
vice versa), should command
even the respect and adoration of
Hindus up to today, is indeed a
feat worthy of admiration.
And who exactly is this great man
I am talking about? He is none
other than Abu’l-Fath Jalal-ud-Din
Muhammad Akbar I (Urdu: ﺍَﺑُﻮ
ﻣُﺤَﻤَّﺪ ﺍﻟﺪِّﯾﻦ ﺟَﻼﻝُ ﺍﻟﻔَﺘﺢ ﺍَﮐﺒَﺮ ),
Shahanshah Akbar-e-Azam, or
more commonly known
as Emperor Akbar the
Great (1542 – 1605).
Emperor Akbar (1542 - 1605) of
Moghul India
Before I delve further into the
story of this great man, let me
first give you an overview of the
Moghul Dynasty of India. The
Moghul Dynasty, also known as
the Mughal Dynasty, was one of
the greatest dynasties in history
to have ruled a substantial
portion of the Indian
subcontinent. Being an Islamic
dynasty governed by Muslim
emperors, it ruled much of
Hindu-majority India, particularly
in the north, from 1526 to 1857.
At its zenith, the empire covered
almost all of what is today India
and Pakistan, and substantial
portions of Bangladesh, Nepal,
Afghanistan and Iran. Despite
being a Muslim dynasty, its
subjects comprised followers of
various religions, with the
majority of them being Hindus.
And it was also during the rule of
the Moghul Dynasty that many
well-known landmarks in India
and Pakistan, such as the Taj
Mahal, the Red Fort, the Jama
Masjid (mosque) of Delhi and the
Lahore Fort, were built.
Extent of the Moghul Empire of
India at its zenith of power
The Taj Mahal, one of India's
most well known hotspots,
built during the Moghul
Dynasty
The circumstances under which
Emperor Akbar was born gave no
indication whatsoever of his
future destiny as ruler of Moghul
India. Despite being the grandson
of Emperor Babur (1483 – 1530),
the founder of the Moghul
Dynasty of India, and a
descendant of the valiant
conqueror Genghis Khan (1162 –
1227), Akbar was born under
impoverished circumstances on
14 October 1542 in Umerkot
(Urdu: ﻋُﻤﺮﻛﻮﭦ), located in
present-day Sindh (Urdu: ﺳﻨﺪﮪ),
Pakistan. At that time, his father,
Emperor Humayun (1508 –
1556), was removed from the
throne and driven into exile by
his former subordinate and
governor of Bihar, Sher Shah Suri
(Pashto: ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﮦ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ (
) 1486 – 1545 ). When his parents
went in exile to Persia, Akbar was
left in the hands of an uncle in
present-day Afghanistan to be
raised. He thus spent most of his
youth away from the luxuries of
royal indulgences, learning to
hunt and fight and developing
skills that would make him a
fearsome warrior in the future.
that time Education systems wasn't
strong enough
Although Akbar never learned to
read but could
write ,he could sign his name. he
had a tremendous
love for knowledge, and it was
said that he would always have
someone read a book out aloud
to him every evening.
Upon the death of Sher Shah Suri
in 1545, the dynasty that he
established lost a capable and
visionary leader, and his growing
empire started disintegrating.
Succession rivalries further
weakened the empire, and
Emperor Humayun took this as an
opportunity to recapture Delhi
and reestablish the Moghul
Dynasty, which he finally did in
1555. Emperor Humayun thus
reascended the throne, only to
die several months later following
an unfortunate fall from the
stairs. Akbar subsequently
succeeded the throne at a young
age of 13, in which his influential
military commander, Bairam
Khan (Persian: ﺑﻴﺮﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﻥ ) (died
1561), ruled as regent until his
coming-of-age in 1560.
Court of Emperor Akbar
The reign of Emperor Akbar
brought about a golden era for
the Moghul Dynasty in India. As a
valiant warrior and brilliant
strategist, he commanded a great
army and led them into a decisive
series of victorious battles that
resulted in the subjugation and
annexation of much of north
India, including the strategic
province of Gujarat (Gujarati:
ગુજરાત), a crucial gateway to trade
with the outside world. After
consolidating his empire,
Emperor Akbar constructed the
city of Fatehpur Sikri ( Hindi:
फ़तेहपुर सीकरी ) near Agra ( Hindi:
आगरा) and established it as the
new capital of his empire from
1571 to 1585.
City of Fatehpur Sikri
constructed by Emperor Akbar
Emperor Akbar’s policy of central
governance proved to be highly
effective in controlling the vast
domains of the Moghul empire.
One notable feature regarding his
governance was the separation of
the taxation system from military
administration. While many rulers
throughout India’s imperial
history implemented systems that
empowered local governors in
matters of both tax collection and
military administration, Akbar felt
that such a system could
potentially enable local governors
to amass military might and
wealth, consequently leading to
rebellion. To the local governors,
Akbar entrusted the task of
maintaining peace and order,
while he appointed separate tax
collectors to take charge of
collecting revenue from the
masses. Revenue collected was to
be sent directly to the central
government, and local governors
were also required to report
directly to Akbar. In that way,
both the governors and tax
collectors were dependent on the
central government, as neither
had control of both wealth and
military power. The central
government would then be
responsible for distributing
salaries to military and civilian
personnel, and allotting
predetermined sums to each
governor for use in their
respective regions. Additionally,
Akbar himself would personally
take time to make regular checks
on his empire’s accounts and
treasuries, ensuring that no
money was lost to corruption or
wastage.
Emperor Akbar’s love for the arts
and aesthetics brought Moghul
artistry to its pinnacle. He was a
keen patron of the arts, and he
would frequently employ the
finest poets, artists, musicians
and architects into the service of
his courts. Moghul architecture
experienced an era of renaissance
under his patronage, with the
construction of striking buildings
that fused elements of Islamic,
Hindu and Persian designs. Poetry
and literature also flourished in
his courts following great
contributions from renowned
poets, biographers and scholars
such as Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
(Persian: ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ( ) 1551 –
1602), Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak
(1547 - 1595) (Persian: ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻟﻔﯿﺾ
ﻣﺒﺎﺭﮎ ﺑﻦ ) and Abdul Rahim Khan-i-
Khana (1556 - 1627)
(Hindi: अब्दुल रहीम ख़ान-ए-ख़ाना),
who were part of Emperor
Akbar’s Navaratna ( Hindi: नवरत्न)
or Nine Gems , a term used to
collectively refer to the nine
extraordinary courtiers in his
court. Besides, Emperor Akbar
was known for his immense love
of knowledge and intellectual
pursuit,
Artist's impression of royal
musicians entertaining
Emperor Akbar in his court
Moghul India under Emperor
Akbar grew to become a highly
prosperous and powerful empire
in South Asia politically,
economically and militarily.
Indeed, the fame of the Moghul
Dynasty was not only limited to
the shores of the Indian
Subcontinent – it even extended
to as far as the Middle East, the
Ottoman Empire (present-day
Turkey) and the various medieval
kingdoms of Europe. Besides King
Philip II of Spain, as mentioned
above, other European monarchs
also sent emissaries to the court
of Akbar in efforts to promote
diplomatic ties and economic
alliances, most notably from King
Henry IV (1553 – 1610) of France
and Queen Elizabeth I (1533 –
1603) of England. The Portuguese,
who had a significant presence in
Goa and were extending their
influence further into Gujarat,
also sought po
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
تخطي إلى آخر الأخبارفيسبوك إعدادات الحساب اختصارات الخصوصية الطلبات الرسائل 1 الإشعارات البحث عن أصدقاء الرئيسية2 الصفحة ميروطلبات الصداقةمشاهدة الكلطلبات الصداقةمحمد هاكرأيهم بندرKmïy ïŠ Ḿy Ƞãmếمصطفى عبد اللهطارق رمضانأشخاص قد تعرفهممشاهدة الكلأشخاص قد تعرفهمزهرة الأحلام2 صديقان مشتركانالعربية · الخصوصية · الشروط · ملفات تعريف الارتباطات · لإعلاناتكم · اختيارات الإعلانات·المزيدألفيس بوك موقع عام 2015 الأخبار آخريوضح التاريخ العظيم "أفضل الإمبراطور من"24 ديسمبر، 2013 ·"الله أكبر!" ("اللهعظيم! ") --العظمىالإمبراطور أكبرفي عام 1582، وصل إلى رسالةالملك فيليب الثاني (1527-1598)من إسبانيا. قراءة جزء من الرسالةوفيما يلي:"نظراً لأن معظم الرجال هي مقيدةالسندات من التقاليد، والتيتقليد طرق تليهاالآباء، الأجداد،أقاربه ومعارفه،الجميع وتواصل، دونالتحقيق حججهموالأسباب، لمتابعةالدين الذي كان ولدوالمتعلمين، وبالتالي استبعادنفسه من إمكانيةالتأكد من الحقيقة، وهوهدف أنبل من الإنسانالفكر. ولذلك نحنمشارك في مريحةمواسم مع الرجال المستفادة منجميع الأديان، وبالتالي المنبثقةالربح من على رائعةنقاشاتهم وتعالىأماني ".كان وسط مستعرة مضاداتالحركات البروتستانتية في إسبانياوما بعدها، في أجواء فيهاالمراسيم مونارتشيال مصدقةعمليات القتل والحروب ضدالمسيحيين البروتستانت في الإسبانيةالإقليم، عند هذا الشهيررسالة في طريقها إلى أيديالملك فيليب الثاني. أن رسالةأن طريقة صياغته في مثل هذهتأتي من حاكم مسلم في آسياويكون المقصود منهمن القراء القرون الوسطىجاء جمهور "أوروبا الكاثوليكية"كمفاجأة ليس فقط بالنسبةالإسبانية الملك نفسه، ولكن أيضا علىالعديد من المؤرخين والناس العاديين منواليوم. قدر الدينيةالتسامح في تاريخويساور البشرية، هذه الرسالةربما يكون واحداً من أعظم إلىوقد كتب من أي وقت مضى بالإنساناليدين، وبه الكاتب ربما واحدةالمسطرة أكبر من أي وقت مضى أن يكونومشى على سطح الأرض.أن الكاتب لما ورد أعلاهرسالة، حاكم مسلم في أرضملون بالهندوسية قرون طويلةالاستياء تجاه الإسلام (ووينبغي أن تحظى بالعكس بالعكس)،بل بالاحترام والعشق منالهندوس حتى اليوم، في الواقعالفذ جديرة بالإعجاب.ومن هو بالضبط هذا الرجل العظيمأنا أتحدث عن؟ أنه لا شيءبخلاف أبي الفتح جلال الدينمحمد أكبر أنا (الأردية: ﺍَﺑُﻮﻣُﺤَﻤَّﺪ ﺍﻟﺪِّﯾﻦ ﺟَﻼﻝُ ﺍﻟﻔَﺘﺢ ﺍَﮐﺒَﺮ)،شاهنشاه أكبر الأعظم، أوأكثر شيوعاً والمعروفكأكبر الإمبراطوركبيرة (1542-1605).الإمبراطور أكبر (1542-1605) منMoghul IndiaBefore I delve further into thestory of this great man, let mefirst give you an overview of theMoghul Dynasty of India. TheMoghul Dynasty, also known asthe Mughal Dynasty, was one ofthe greatest dynasties in historyto have ruled a substantialportion of the Indiansubcontinent. Being an Islamicdynasty governed by Muslimemperors, it ruled much ofHindu-majority India, particularlyin the north, from 1526 to 1857.At its zenith, the empire coveredalmost all of what is today Indiaand Pakistan, and substantialportions of Bangladesh, Nepal,Afghanistan and Iran. Despitebeing a Muslim dynasty, itssubjects comprised followers ofvarious religions, with themajority of them being Hindus.And it was also during the rule ofthe Moghul Dynasty that manywell-known landmarks in Indiaand Pakistan, such as the TajMahal, the Red Fort, the JamaMasjid (mosque) of Delhi and theLahore Fort, were built.Extent of the Moghul Empire ofIndia at its zenith of powerThe Taj Mahal, one of India'smost well known hotspots,built during the MoghulDynastyThe circumstances under whichEmperor Akbar was born gave noindication whatsoever of hisfuture destiny as ruler of MoghulIndia. Despite being the grandsonof Emperor Babur (1483 – 1530),the founder of the MoghulDynasty of India, and adescendant of the valiantconqueror Genghis Khan (1162 –1227), Akbar was born underimpoverished circumstances on14 October 1542 in Umerkot(الأردية: ﻋُﻤﺮﻛﻮﭦ)، وتقع فيالسند المعاصر (الأردية: ﺳﻨﺪﮪ)،باكستان. في ذلك الوقت، كان والده،الإمبراطور همايون (1508 –تمت إزالة 1556)، منالعرش والتوجه إلى المنفى قبلمرؤوسه السابق وحاكم ولاية بيهار، شير شاه سوري(الباشتو: ﻓﺮﻳﺪ ﺧﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﮦ ﺷﻴﺮ ﺳﻮﺭﻱ () 1486-1545). عند الديةذهبت في المنفى إلى بلاد فارس، وكان أكبراليسار في يد عمه فيأفغانستان الراهنة لتكونوآثار. وهكذا أمضى معظم لهالشباب بعيداً عن الكماليات منالانغماس الملكي، تعلمهانت والكفاح وتطويرالمهارات التي تجعل منهالمحارب المخيف في المستقبل.أن الوقت لم يكن نظم التعليمقوية بما يكفيعلى الرغم من أن أكبر تعلمت ابدأولكن يمكن قراءةكتابة، أنه يمكن أن يوقع اسمه. وأعربوقد هائلاحب للمعرفة، وكانوقال أنه سيكون دائماًشخص قرأ كتاب بصوت عالله كل مساء.عند وفاة شير شاه سوريفي 1545، سلالة أنهأنشأ فقدت قادر على وزعيم البصيرة، وتزايد لهالإمبراطورية بدأت في التفكك.مزيد من المنافسات الخلافةضعفت الإمبراطورية، والإمبراطور همايون اتخذ هذاالفرصة للاستيلاء على دلهيوإعادة تأسيس ألماغولسلالة، وهو ما فعله أخيرا في1555. الإمبراطور همايون وهكذاريسسينديد العرش، إلا إلىيموت بعد عدة أشهر عقبحادث مؤسف السقوط منالدرج. أكبر في وقت لاحقنجح العرش في الشبابسن الثالثة عشرة، في الذي له تأثيرقائد عسكري، عيد الأضحىخان (الفارسي: ﺑﻴﺮﺍﻡ ﺧﺎﻥ) (توفي1561)، حكمت كما ريجنت حتى بلدهالقادمة لسن في 1560.المحكمة للإمبراطور أكبرعهد الإمبراطور أكبرجلبت حقبة ذهبيةسلالة المغول في الهند. كماالمحارب الشجاع ورائعةاستراتيجي، أنه أمر عظيمالجيش وقادهم إلى حاسمةسلسلة منتصرا المعارك التيأدت إلى الإخضاع وضم جزء كبير من الشمالالهند، بما في ذلك الاستراتيجيةمقاطعة غوجارات (الغوجاراتية:ગુજરાત)، مدخلاً حاسما للتجارةمع العالم الخارجي. بعدتوطيد امبراطوريته،شيد الإمبراطور أكبرمدينة فاتيهبور سيكرى (الهندية:फ़तेहपुर सीकरी) بالقرب من أغرا (الهندية:आगरा) وأنشأت فحسبعاصمة جديدة لامبراطوريته من1571 إلى 1585.مدينة فاتيهبور سيكرىشيد الإمبراطور أكبرسياسة الإمبراطور أكبر من وسطالحكم أثبت أن تكون عاليةفعالة في السيطرة على الضخمةالمجالات إمبراطورية المغول.إحدى السمات البارزة فيما يتعلق ببلدةوكان الحكم الفصل بينالنظام الضريبي من العسكريينالإدارة. بينما كثير من الحكامفي جميع أنحاء الإمبراطورية في الهندتاريخ تنفيذ النظم التيسلطة الحكام المحليين فيالمسائل على حد سواء جمع الضرائب وورأت الإدارة العسكرية، أكبرأن مثل هذا النظام يمكن أنيحتمل أن تكون تمكين الحكام المحليينلتجميع القوة العسكرية والثروة، وبالتالي تؤدي إلىالتمرد. للحكام المحليين،Akbar entrusted the task ofmaintaining peace and order,while he appointed separate taxcollectors to take charge ofcollecting revenue from themasses. Revenue collected was tobe sent directly to the centralgovernment, and local governorswere also required to reportdirectly to Akbar. In that way,both the governors and taxcollectors were dependent on thecentral government, as neitherhad control of both wealth andmilitary power. The centralgovernment would then beresponsible for distributingsalaries to military and civilianpersonnel, and allottingpredetermined sums to eachgovernor for use in theirrespective regions. Additionally,Akbar himself would personallytake time to make regular checkson his empire’s accounts andtreasuries, ensuring that nomoney was lost to corruption orwastage.Emperor Akbar’s love for the artsand aesthetics brought Moghulartistry to its pinnacle. He was akeen patron of the arts, and hewould frequently employ thefinest poets, artists, musiciansand architects into the service ofhis courts. Moghul architectureexperienced an era of renaissanceunder his patronage, with theconstruction of striking buildingsthat fused elements of Islamic,Hindu and Persian designs. Poetryand literature also flourished inhis courts following greatcontributions from renownedpoets, biographers and scholarssuch as Abu’l-Fazl ibn Mubarak(Persian: ﺍﺑﻮ ﺍﻟﻔﻀﻞ ( ) 1551 –1602), Abu al-Faiz ibn Mubarak(1547 - 1595) (Persian: ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻟﻔﯿﺾﻣﺒﺎﺭﮎ ﺑﻦ ) and Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khana (1556 - 1627)(Hindi: अब्दुल रहीम ख़ान-ए-ख़ाना),who were part of EmperorAkbar’s Navaratna ( Hindi: नवरत्न)or Nine Gems , a term used tocollectively refer to the nineextraordinary courtiers in hiscourt. Besides, Emperor Akbarwas known for his immense loveof knowledge and intellectualpursuit,Artist's impression of royalmusicians entertainingEmperor Akbar in his courtMoghul India under EmperorAkbar grew to become a highlyprosperous and powerful empirein South Asia politically,economically and militarily.Indeed, the fame of the MoghulDynasty was not only limited tothe shores of the IndianSubcontinent – it even extendedto as far as the Middle East, theOttoman Empire (present-dayTurkey) and the various medievalkingdoms of Europe. Besides KingPhilip II of Spain, as mentionedabove, other European monarchsalso sent emissaries to the courtof Akbar in efforts to promotediplomatic ties and economicalliances, most notably from KingHenry IV (1553 – 1610) of Franceand Queen Elizabeth I (1533 –1603) of England. The Portuguese,who had a significant presence inGoa and were extending theirinfluence further into Gujarat,also sought po
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