2.Southeast Asia has undergone seismic changes since the region was economically dampened
by the ubiquitous financial crisis in 1997. Most economies have recovered from the setback and are
back on the economic development track. However, the economic downturn has unleashed a wave
of separatist and fundamentalist movements and governments, crippled by the lack of funds and
resources, were unable to contain the spread of the malady. Some of these fundamentalist movements
have eventually transformed into terrorist movements.4 When juxtaposed on existing border disputes
within Southeast Asian countries, transnational issues like drug and illegal trade, and intra-state ethnic
tensions, Southeast Asia will continue to pose uncertainty to military planners and consequently, force
structuring.
3.The aim of this paper is to analyse the nature of security challenges in 2020 in Southeast Asia
and assess the impact of these challenges on Southeast Asian armies. Since the future could only be
understood through the lens of present day, the first part of the paper will identify current geopolitics
and security concerns in Southeast Asia. This is followed by a description of the nature of security
challenges in 2020. Finally, the impact of these security challenges on Southeast Asian armies will be
assessed. The basic hypothesis of this paper is that Southeast Asian armies will have to work closer
together in response to the strategic uncertainty given the effects of regionalisation in Southeast Asia.
In so doing, Southeast Asian armies will need to operate together, thus possibly providing ASEAN
the catalyst to move beyond mere confidence building to cooperative security
The geopolitical and security environment in 2020
9.Why 2020? 2020 will be a significant milestone in the development of Southeast Asian
affairs as the ASEAN Vision 2020 aims to create a tariff-free Southeast Asian market.16 With this
free trade area, the economic prosperity of Southeast Asia will be regionalised with greater economic
interdependence.17 This economic interdependence could translate into political and security
interdependence amongst Southeast Asian countries.
10.Rise of amalgamated threats. The security environment in 2020 will be more complicated
than today. Most security challenges will increasingly take on an amalgamated veneer as one particular
form of threat could amalgamate with others, manifesting itself differently.18 For instance, the Islamic
militant group Abu Sayyaf commits banditry, such as kidnapping, to fund its terrorist activities.
Amalgamation can be conceptualised in three realms. Firstly, security threats are continuously taking
on a transnational nature; security threats will no longer be bounded by geography.19 Secondly,
security threats are starting to have external links with other global organisations with similar political
agendas, as the case of Jemaah Islamiah illustrates. Thirdly, security threats are increasingly using
violent means to spread their cause. Security challenges in 2020 can be put into context in Figure 2.
11.Decline of inter-state armed conflicts. The possibility of inter-state armed conflict within
Southeast Asia would decline.20 This is because the ASEAN forum is still seen as a viable conflict
resolution platform. Furthermore, nations will not jeopardise their economic recovery unless the issue
infringes on the sovereignty of a particular country. Hence, armed conflict carries a heavy economic
cost. Influences from global and regional powers would also contain the outbreak of armed conflicts
as these would have major global implications. However, this equilibrium may be interrupted should
Impact on Southeast Asia and its armies: Forging cooperative security
15.The complexity of threats in the not-too-distant future raises important questions on the
force structure of Southeast Asian armies. By 2020, issues predominantly of transnational nature
would dominate the security climate in Southeast Asia. In such a regionalised environment, closer
cooperation between governments, military forces and other security agencies would be a lynchpin
in ensuring a stability that transcends national boundaries. Cooperative security could provide a
framework for closer cooperation.
16.Cooperative security defined. Cooperative security is conceptualised as cooperation
between ASEAN governments, military forces, civil and non-government organisations, focusing on
the common security challenges posed by amalgamated threats. Cooperative security will harness the
strengths of member states against the vulnerabilities of such threats. For instance, against militants
hiding in jungles, the Malaysian Armed Forces, with their expertise in Counter Insurgency Warfare,
could provide advice and assistance on operations designed to root out these militants. Hence, a pre-
condition of cooperative security is the understanding of the true nature of a particular threat and
appropri
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
2. جنوب شرق آسيا شهدت تغيرات الزلازل حيث كان أضعف المنطقة اقتصادياالأزمة المالي في كل مكان في عام 1997. معظم الاقتصادات انتعشت من النكسة وهيمرة أخرى على مسار التنمية الاقتصادية. ومع ذلك، قد أطلقت العنان الانكماش الاقتصادي موجهالانفصالية والحركات الأصولية والحكومات، بالشلل بسبب نقص الأموال والموارد، كان غير قادر على احتواء انتشار العلة. بعض من هذه الحركات الأصوليةوحولت في نهاية المطاف إلى movements.4 الإرهابية عندما جنبا إلى جنب في الخلافات الحدودية القائمةداخل دول جنوب شرق آسيا، القضايا العابرة للحدود الوطنية مثل المخدرات والتجارة غير المشروعة، والعرقية داخل الدولةالتوترات، وجنوب شرق آسيا سوف تستمر للقوة ونتيجة لذلك، وتشكل حالة عدم اليقين إلى المخططين العسكريينهيكلة.3-والهدف من هذه الورقة تحليل طبيعة التحديات الأمنية في عام 2020 في جنوب شرق آسياوتقييم أثر هذه التحديات على جيوش دول جنوب شرق آسيا. إذ لا يمكن إلا المستقبليفهم من خلال العدسة ليومنا هذا، سوف تحدد الجزء المبادأة بالورقة الجغرافيا السياسية الحاليةوالمخاوف الأمنية في جنوب شرق آسيا. هذا هو متبوعة بوصف لطبيعة الأمنالتحديات في عام 2020. وأخيراً، سيكون أثر هذه التحديات الأمنية في جيوش دول جنوب شرق آسياتقييم. الفرضية الأساسية لهذه الورقة أن جيوش دول جنوب شرق آسيا العمل عن كثبمعا استجابة لحالة عدم اليقين الاستراتيجي نظراً لآثار إيفانوف في جنوب شرق آسيا.In so doing, Southeast Asian armies will need to operate together, thus possibly providing ASEANthe catalyst to move beyond mere confidence building to cooperative securityThe geopolitical and security environment in 20209.Why 2020? 2020 will be a significant milestone in the development of Southeast Asianaffairs as the ASEAN Vision 2020 aims to create a tariff-free Southeast Asian market.16 With thisfree trade area, the economic prosperity of Southeast Asia will be regionalised with greater economicinterdependence.17 This economic interdependence could translate into political and securityinterdependence amongst Southeast Asian countries.10.Rise of amalgamated threats. The security environment in 2020 will be more complicatedthan today. Most security challenges will increasingly take on an amalgamated veneer as one particularform of threat could amalgamate with others, manifesting itself differently.18 For instance, the Islamicmilitant group Abu Sayyaf commits banditry, such as kidnapping, to fund its terrorist activities.Amalgamation can be conceptualised in three realms. Firstly, security threats are continuously takingon a transnational nature; security threats will no longer be bounded by geography.19 Secondly,security threats are starting to have external links with other global organisations with similar politicalagendas, as the case of Jemaah Islamiah illustrates. Thirdly, security threats are increasingly usingviolent means to spread their cause. Security challenges in 2020 can be put into context in Figure 2.11.Decline of inter-state armed conflicts. The possibility of inter-state armed conflict withinSoutheast Asia would decline.20 This is because the ASEAN forum is still seen as a viable conflictresolution platform. Furthermore, nations will not jeopardise their economic recovery unless the issueinfringes on the sovereignty of a particular country. Hence, armed conflict carries a heavy economiccost. Influences from global and regional powers would also contain the outbreak of armed conflictsas these would have major global implications. However, this equilibrium may be interrupted shouldImpact on Southeast Asia and its armies: Forging cooperative security15.The complexity of threats in the not-too-distant future raises important questions on theforce structure of Southeast Asian armies. By 2020, issues predominantly of transnational naturewould dominate the security climate in Southeast Asia. In such a regionalised environment, closercooperation between governments, military forces and other security agencies would be a lynchpinin ensuring a stability that transcends national boundaries. Cooperative security could provide aframework for closer cooperation.16.Cooperative security defined. Cooperative security is conceptualised as cooperationbetween ASEAN governments, military forces, civil and non-government organisations, focusing onthe common security challenges posed by amalgamated threats. Cooperative security will harness thestrengths of member states against the vulnerabilities of such threats. For instance, against militantshiding in jungles, the Malaysian Armed Forces, with their expertise in Counter Insurgency Warfare,could provide advice and assistance on operations designed to root out these militants. Hence, a pre-condition of cooperative security is the understanding of the true nature of a particular threat andappropri
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