النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
الميتوكوندرياThe mitochondrion (plural, mitochondria) is a type of organelle that specializes in making ATP . With each breath, you are taking in oxygen mainly for the mitochondria in your trillions of aerobically-respiring cells. Typical mitochondria are between 1 and 4 micrometers in length; a few are as long as 10 micrometers. A mitochondrion has two membranes, one highly folded inside the other. This arrangement creates two compartments. Aerobic respiration causes hydrogen ions to accumulate between the two membranes. The buildup causes the ions to fl ow across the inner membrane, through the interior of membrane transport proteins. That fl ow drives the formation of ATP. Nearly all eukaryotic cells have mitochondria, but prokaryotes do not (they make ATP in their cell walls and cytoplasm). The number of mitochondria varies by the type of cell and by the type of organism. Cells that have a very high demand for energy tend to have a profusion of mitochondria. Mitochondria resemble bacteria, in size, form, and biochemistry. They have their own DNA, which is similar to bacterial DNA. They divide independently of the cell, and have their own ribosomes. Such clues led to a theory that mitochondria evolved from aerobic bacteria that took up permanent residence inside a host cell. By the theory of endosymbiosis, one cell was engulfed by another cell, or entered it as a parasite, but escaped digestion. That cell kept its plasma membrane intact and reproduced inside its host. In time, the cell’s descendants became permanent residents that offered their hosts the benefi t of extra ATP. Structures and functions once required for independent life were no longer needed and were lost over time. Later descendants evolved into mitochondria. We will explore evidence for the theory of endosymbiosis in Section 20.4.
يجري ترجمتها، يرجى الانتظار ..
