To test whether this is indeed the case, one has to be able to measure changes in cognitive engagement over a learning event. Existing instruments are designed to measure generally more stable, trail-like cognitive engagement, which means that the grain size of these instruments is too large to pick up fairly small contextual variations. For instance, Appleton and colleagues developed the Student Engagement Instrument or SEI, (Appleton et al. 2006) to measure students’ cognitive engagement (perceived relevance of school) and psychological engagement (perceived connection with others at school).