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Firstly, Costa and Kallickís (2000) Habits of Mind challenges the notion of intelligenceas a single, pervasive, general mental ability (Spearman, 1904,1927). According to Costa& Kallick, intelligence is not simply linked to test scores and academic ability, butrecognition is given to the role of non-academic, social-emotional factors in explainingintelligence. As a framework of thinking attributes, Habits of Mind also moves beyondthe view of intelligence as an ìability on demandî as conceptualised in a number ofmodels of human intelligence (Guilford, 1967; Thurstone, 1938; Sternberg, 1985). In theHabits of Mind framework, intelligence is about applying your abilities when youbecome aware of what you are supposed to be doing, but it also includes the concepts ofsensitivity and inclination. According to Costa & Kallick (2000), being aware of theappropriate moments to employ Habits of Mind, and motivating oneself to invest time 5and energy to their use, is just as important as the possession of the actual mental abilitiesthemselves. Costa and Kallick (2000) argue that Habits of Mind serve academicpurposes, but also represent a toolkit for solving life dilemmas and responding to dailydemands.Dewey (1933) could be argued as the founding father for Habits of Mind because hepromotes reflective thinking as a universal educational aim. Dewey theorises thatreflective thinking makes possible action with a conscious aim and that it also makespossible systematic preparations and inventions. He argues that reflective thinkingenriches objects and events with meanings. Further to his argument on reflectivethinking, Dewey acknowledges the vital importance of attitudes such as openmindedness,wholeheartedness and responsibility. He claims that the aim of education isto weave into unity our personal attitudes and our knowledge of the principles of logicalreasoning, along with the skills to manipulate these logical thinking processes. Deweyíswork flows seamlessly into Habits of Mind such as Metacognition, Striving for Accuracy,Thinking Flexibly and Creating, Imagining and Innovating
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