النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
IBN KHALDŪNAN ARAB MEDIEVAL NORTH AFRICAN THINKERIbn Khaldūn, ‘Abd al-Raḥmān ibn Muḥammad al-Ḥarḍramī al-Ishbīlī (1332-1406), was born in Tūnis on 1 Ramaḍān, 732 H (27 May, 1332 CE). His ancestors migrated from Ḥaḍramawt in southern Arabia to al-Andalus (Andalusia, southern Spain) in the early years of the 8th century during the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. The family settled, eventually, in the city of Ishbīliyah (Seville) where they assumed political leadership positions. However, as the power of the Muslims started to crumble, the family had to leave to northwestern Africa, where they had strong connections with the ruling Ḥafṣids, shortly before the fall of the city to the Christians in 1284. Having been a descendent of a family of scholars and statesmen, Ibn Khaldūn was educated by his father and other North African scholars in the traditional Arabic/Islamic sciences. After finishing his education he took several government positions in Tūnis and in Fez. However, the vicissitudes of politics led to his imprisonment for almost two years (1357-1358). Upon his release from prison he assumed other legal position until 1362 when he decided to leave North Africa and travel to Granada. In Granada he was highly honored by the city’s ruler Muḥammad V who sent him in 1364 on a diplomatic mission to Pedro the Cruel in Seville. Hence, Ibn Khaldūn had the opportunity to visit the city of his ancestors. After three years, he returned to North Africa in 1365, where he was given several high administrative positions until 1375. Fed up with the intrigues of politics and the instability of governments, Ibn Khaldūn returned to Granada to dedicate himself to his scholarly pursuits but was obliged to return back the same year to Fez by pressures from its Sultan, Abū al-‘Abbās al-Marīnī. He managed, however, to flee to the Awlād ‘Ārif Arab tribe who gave him and his family refuge in Qal‘at Ibn Salāmah, a castle and a village in the province of Wahrān (Oran, Algeria). It was in the tranquility and safety of that castle that he started to write his famous History of the world “Kitāb al-‘Ibar.” The celebrated Muqaddimah, or, “Introduction” to that book was finished in November, 1377. In 1378, Ibn Khaldūn left Qal‘at Ibn Salāmah and settled in Tūnis where he held a teaching position at the famous Zaytūnah Mosque and continued writing his History of the world. In 1382, Ibn Khaldūn left Tūnis by sea to Alexandria, Egypt, from whence he intended to go to Mecca for the Ḥajj (Pilgrimage), but he postponed the pilgrimage for a more suitable time and traveled to Cairo where he started teaching at the famous al-Azhar Mosque. In 1384 he was appointed by Barqūq, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt (1340-1399), to the position of Grand Qadi of the Mālikīyah, a position from which he resigned or was deposed six times (1384 until his death at the age of 74, on March 17, 1406). In October, 1400 he was asked to accompany Faraj, the Mamluk Sultan of Egypt (1399-1405) in his march to confront the armies of the Mongol leader, Tamerlane, who was threatening to invade Syria. In 1401 Ibn Khaldūn, at the age of 69, met with Tamerlane in Damascus five times and was asked by him to write him a book about the geography and description of the Maghreb which he did before he returned to Cairo.
يجري ترجمتها، يرجى الانتظار ..
