The findings have shown that BIM implementation demands a complete breakaway from the
status quo. Contrary to the prevailing understanding of a top-down approach to BIM utilisation,
the study revealed that different organisations with plethora of visions, expectations and skills
combine with artefacts to form or transform BIM practices. The rollout and appropriation of
BIM occurs when organisations shape sociotechnical systems of institutions, processes and
technologies to support certain practices over others. The study also showed that BIM
implementation endures in a causal chain of influences as different project organisations with
their ‘localised’ BIM ambitions and expectations combine to develop holistic BIM-enabled
project visions. Thus, distributed responsibilities on ‘holistic’ BIM protocols among the different
levels of influences are instituted and enforced under ‘binding’ contractual obligations. The
study has illuminated the centrality of both the technical challenges and sociological factors in
shaping BIM deployment in construction. It is also one of the few studies that have produced
accounts of BIM deployment that is strongly mediated by the institutional contexts of
construction organisations. However, it is acknowledged that the focus of the research on
qualitative interpretive enquiry does not have the hard and fast view of generalising from
specific cases to broader population/contexts. Thus, it is suggested that further quantitative
studies, using much larger data sample of BIM-enabled construction organisations could provide
an interesting point of comparison to the conclusions derived from the research findings.