The Pardoner rides in the very back of the party in the General Prologue and is fittingly the most marginalized character in the company. His profession is somewhat dubious—pardoners offered indulgences, or previously written pardons for particular sins, to people who repented of the sin they had committed. Along with receiving the indulgence, the penitent would make a donation to the Church by giving money to the pardoner. Eventually, this “charitable” donation became a necessary part of receiving an indulgence. Paid by the Church to offer these indulgences, the Pardoner was not supposed to pocket the penitents’ charitable donations. That said, the practice of offering indulgences came under critique by quite a few churchmen, since once the charitable donation became a practice allied to receiving an indulgence, it began to look like one could cleanse oneself of sin by simply paying off the Church. Additionally, widespread suspicion held that pardoners counterfeited the pope’s signature on illegitimate indulgences and pocketed the “charitable donations” themselves.
Chaucer’s Pardoner is a highly untrustworthy character. He sings a ballad—“Com hider, love, to me!” (General Prologue, 672)—with the hypocritical Summoner, undermining the already challenged virtue of his profession as one who works for the Church. He presents himself as someone of ambiguous gender and sexual orientation, further challenging social norms. The narrator is not sure whether the Pardoner is an effeminate homosexual or a eunuch (castrated male). Like the other pilgrims, the Pardoner carries with him to Canterbury the tools of his trade—in his case, freshly signed papal indulgences and a sack of false relics, including a brass cross filled with stones to make it seem as heavy as gold and a glass jar full of pig’s bones, which he passes off as saints’ relics. Since visiting relics on pilgrimage had become a tourist industry, the Pardoner wants to cash in on religion in any way he can, and he does this by selling tangible, material objects—whether slips of paper that promise forgiveness of sins or animal bones that people can string around their necks as charms against the devil. After telling the group how he gulls people into indulging his own avarice through a sermon he preaches on greed, the Pardoner tells of a tale that exemplifies the vice decried in his sermon. Furthermore, he attempts to sell pardons to the group—in effect plying his trade in clear violation of the rules outlined by the host.
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
باردونير ركوب الخيل في الظهر جداً للحزب في مقدمة العامة والمعبرة الحرف الأكثر تهميشاً في الشركة. مهنته مشكوك فيها إلى حد ما – باردونيرس عرضت الانغماس، أو سبق أن كتب العفو عن خطايا معينة، للناس الذين تاب الخطيئة كانوا قد ارتكبوا. جنبا إلى جنب مع تلقي التساهل، سيجعل منيب تبرع إلى الكنيسة بإعطاء المال باردونير. في نهاية المطاف، هذا التبرع "الخيرية" أصبح جزءا ضروريا من تلقي تساهل. دفع بالكنيسة لتقديم هذه الانغماس، باردونير لا يفترض أن جيب penitents التبرعات الخيرية. وقال أن الممارسة المتمثلة في تقديم الانغماس أتى تحت نقد بإغواء قليلة جداً، منذ مجرد التبرع الخيرية أصبحت ممارسة المتحالفة لتلقي تساهل، بدأت لتبدو وكأنها واحدة يمكن التطهر من الخطيئة التي تدفع ببساطة خارج الكنيسة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، عقد الشك على نطاق واسع أن باردونيرس تزوير توقيع البابا على الانغماس غير شرعي وسرق "التبرعات الخيرية" أنفسهم.Chaucer’s Pardoner is a highly untrustworthy character. He sings a ballad—“Com hider, love, to me!” (General Prologue, 672)—with the hypocritical Summoner, undermining the already challenged virtue of his profession as one who works for the Church. He presents himself as someone of ambiguous gender and sexual orientation, further challenging social norms. The narrator is not sure whether the Pardoner is an effeminate homosexual or a eunuch (castrated male). Like the other pilgrims, the Pardoner carries with him to Canterbury the tools of his trade—in his case, freshly signed papal indulgences and a sack of false relics, including a brass cross filled with stones to make it seem as heavy as gold and a glass jar full of pig’s bones, which he passes off as saints’ relics. Since visiting relics on pilgrimage had become a tourist industry, the Pardoner wants to cash in on religion in any way he can, and he does this by selling tangible, material objects—whether slips of paper that promise forgiveness of sins or animal bones that people can string around their necks as charms against the devil. After telling the group how he gulls people into indulging his own avarice through a sermon he preaches on greed, the Pardoner tells of a tale that exemplifies the vice decried in his sermon. Furthermore, he attempts to sell pardons to the group—in effect plying his trade in clear violation of the rules outlined by the host.
يجري ترجمتها، يرجى الانتظار ..
