In response to the negative publicity of the CETA program, the Reagan admin-
istration vowed to change the approach to employment services from job creation in the public sector to job placement in the private sector. In 1982, the Job Train-ing Partnership Act (JTPA) was passed to replace CETA. JTPA placed the responsi-
bility for program administration with state governments and the private sector. The goal was to link those looking for jobs with existing employment. Each com-munity was to develop a council with representatives from private employers who would direct the employment services. Compared to CETA, JTPA received less funding, did not create new jobs, and provided less social service support for parti-cipants (Levitan & Shapiro, 1987).