النتائج (
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repetitious tasks under close supervision in a bureaucratic and hierarchical structure. Quality,however, often tended to be fairly low. Learning how to do something better was the prerogativeof management; workers were expected only to learn what was assigned to them. This systemtended to dominate manufacturing until the 1970s. Under the continuous improvementsystem developed by Japanese firms, empowered cross-functional teams strive constantly toimprove production processes. Managers are more like coaches than like bosses. The result isa large quantity of low-cost, standard goods and services, but with high quality
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