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RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS
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Introduction
A research study begins as a problem that a researcher would like to solve or as a question (or set of questions) that a researcher would like to answer. That question or problem often develops from a broad topic, area, and researchers usually find it necessary to offer some time to restricting and explaining the problem.
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Definitions
● Research problem
A research problem is a situation involving an unexplained, confusing, or troubling condition.
● Problem statement
A problem statement clears the problem to be addressed.
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Definitions
●Research question
A research question is a statement of the specific query (question) the researcher wants to answer to address the research problem. The research questions guide the types of data to be collected in the study.
●Statement of purpose
A statement of purpose (or purpose statement), which is the researcher's summary of the overall goal of a study.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
The five most common sources of research problems are:
● Experience.
● Nursing literature.
● Social issues.
● Theories.
● Ideas form others.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Experience
●The nurse's everyday experience provides a rich supply of problems for investigation. Experience is often the most convincing source for topics.
●An important ingredient for a successful research project is the investigator's curiosity. As you are performing your nursing functions, you are bound to find a wealth of research ideas if you are curios about why things are the way they are or about how things could be improved if something were to change.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Nursing literature
●Ideas for research studies often come from reading the nursing literature.
●Reading published reports may help beginner researchers to find a problem open to investigation and also help to familiarize them with the wording of research problems and the actual conduct of research studies.
●Published research reports may suggest problem areas indirectly by stimulating the reader's imagination of interest in a topic and directly by specifying further areas in need of investigation.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Variations in findings reported in nursing literature often generate ideas for research studies.
●In summary, a familiarity with existing research or with problematic nursing issues that have yet to be understood and investigated is an important route to develop a research topic.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Social issues
●Sometimes, topics are suggested by more global current social or political issues of relevance to the health care community. For example, the feminist movement has raised questions about such topics as gender equity, and domestic violence.
●Thus, an idea for a study may come from a familiarity with social concerns or problems.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Theory
●The fourth major source of research problems lies in the theoretical systems and conceptual schemes that have been developed in nursing and other related disciplines.
●Theories must be tested through research for their applicability to the hospital, class-room, and other nursing environments. For example, it might be hypothesized that primary nursing is more effective in conserving the patient's energy and social integrity than is team nursing.
●By developing measures of energy spending and social integration, this hypothesis could be tested scientifically.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Ideas from external sources
●External sources can sometimes provide the drive for a research idea. In some cases, a research topic may be given as a direct suggestion. For example, a faculty member may give students a list of topics from which to choose or may assign a specific topic to be studied. For example, in recent years, government agencies have requested a variety of AIDS-related research projects.
●Research ideas sometimes represent a response to priorities that are established within the nursing profession.
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SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Priorities for nursing research have been established by many nursing specialty practices. Priority lists can often serve as a useful starting point for exploring research topics.
●Ideas for studies emerge as a result of a brainstorming session. By discussing possible research topics with peers, advisers, or researchers with advanced skills, ideas often become clarified and sharpened or enriched and more fully developed. Professional conferences often provide an excellent opportunity for such discussions.
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DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
The actual procedures for developing a research topic are difficult to describe. The process is rarely a smooth and orderly one; there are likely to be many false starts, several motivations, and setbacks in the initial efforts to develop a research problem statement.
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DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Selecting a topic
●The development of a research problem is essentially a creative process that depends on imagination, insight, and cleverness.
●The important point is to put some ideas on paper. Examples of some broad topics that may come to mind include communication with patients, anxiety in hospitalized children, pain among cancer patients, postpartum depression, and postoperative loss of orientation.
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DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●After this first step, the ideas can be sorted in terms of interest, knowledge, about the topics, and the perceived promise that the topics hold for a research project.
●When that most fruitful idea has been selected, the rest of the list should not be discarded; it may be necessary to return to it.
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DEVELOPMENT AND REFINEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS
●Narrowing the topic
●Once you have identified one or more general topics of interest, you will need to begin asking questions that will lead to a researchable problem.
●The transformation of the general topic into a workable problem is typically accomplished in a number of uneven steps, involving a series of successive estimations. Each step should result in progress toward the goals of narrowing the scope of the problem, sharpening, and defining the concepts.
●Researchers choose the final problem to be studied based on several factors, including its interest to them and its compatibility with a paradigm of preference.
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COMMUNICATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
It is clear that a study cannot progress without the choice of a problem; it is less clear, but however true, that the problem and the research questions should be carefully stated in written form before proceeding with the design of the study or with field work. Putting one's ideas in writing is often sufficient to clarify ambiguities and uncertainties.
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COMMUNICATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
● Problem Statements
●A problem statement is an expression of the dilemma or disturbing situation that needs investigation for the purposes of providing understanding and direction.
●A problem statement identifies the nature of the problem that is being addressed in the study and, typically, its context and significance.
●Generally, the problem statement should be broad enough to include central concerns, but it also needs to be narrow enough in scope to serve as a guide to study design.
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COMMUNICATING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
●Statement of Purpose
●The purpose statement establishes the general direction of the inquiry and provides an outline of its overall goal.
●The words purpose or goal usually appear in a purpose statement (e.g., the purpose of this study was…, or, the goal of this study was…), but sometimes the words intent, aim, or, objective are used instead.
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Women with high-risk pregnancies
Prolonged bed rest experience
The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of prolonged bed rest from the perspective of women with high-risk pregnancies.
Homeless battered women
Patterns of violence, experience in shelter search
The purpose of this study was to describe reported patterns of violence of homeless battered women and their experiences in search for shelter.
Qualitative Studies
Expectant fathers
Discussion group intervention (IV)
Spousal relations (DV)
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of perinatal discussion groups for expectant fathers with an emphasis on teaching coping skills would positively influence spousal relations.
MI and CABG patients
Patient characteristics (IV)
Referral to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (DV)
The purpose of this study is to examine patient characteristics that predict referral to outpatient cardiac rehabilitation following hospitalization for myocardial infarction (MI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG).
Quantitative studies
Population or study group
Key concepts or variables
Statement of purpose
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Research Questions
Research questions are direct rewording of statements of purpose, phrased questionably rather than declaratively, as in the following example:
●What is the relationship between the dependency level of renal transplant recipients and their rate of recovery?
●What is the process by which adult children make decisions regarding the placement of their elderly parents in nursing homes?
●The question form has the advantage of simplicity and directness. Questions invite an answer and help to focus the researcher's and the reader's attention on the kinds of data that would have to be collected to provide that answer.
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Research Questions
●In a quantitative study, research questions identify the key variables (most often, the independent and dependent variables), the relationships among them if a relationship is being studied, and the population under study.
●In qualitative studies, the research questions often evolve and change over the course of the study. The research question is fairly bro
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