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21.Developing non-conventional capabilities. Concurrent with the developing of conventional capabilities, several key non-conventional capabilities should be developed. Within Southeast Asia,there is a disparity in terms of non-conventional capabilities, giving impetus to the need to close thecapability gaps between Southeast Asian armies.a.Counter-terrorist capabilities. Counter-terrorist capabilities allow governmentsto have an option of ‘no negotiation’ in hostage situations. If politically motivated,hostage situations could have political ramifications on governments, especially ifgovernments start to negotiate with terrorists.Peace-support and peacekeeping capabilities. Peace-support and peacekeepingcapabilities can be applied to areas riven with ethno-religious tensions or transnationalcrimes. In both types of operations, Southeast Asian countries will have to workclosely together in addressing not only rules-of-engagement, legal and operationalissues, but also CMR and intelligence sharing.Chemical, biological and radiological (CBR) capabilities. The proliferation andease of constructing CBR weapons has fuelled the possibility of a terrorist CBR attackon civilian concentrations. With CBR response capabilities, damages caused by suchattacks could be mitigated.b.c.22.Interoperability. Cooperative security would require a degree of interoperability amongstSoutheast Asian armies. At present, interoperability is limited by the differences in capabilitiesbetween Southeast Asian armies. While the intention to cooperate is genuine, the capability gapsbetween armies could pose significant challenges. Hence, it is necessary to level-up the capabilitygaps amongst Southeast Asian armies. This would require greater integration and coordinationamongst the ‘ASEAN Security Community’, in particular in C4I and training issues.40 Upgradingthe C4I capabilities of all Southeast Asian armies is a precondition of interoperability, allowing theintegration of intelligence collection efforts and information flow. The training of personnel to operatehigh technology systems could be achieved through bilateral channels, with technologically-capablecountries providing assistance to others.23.Technology transfer. Cooperative security would require the transfer of technology know-how from technologically-capable armies to lesser ones. With the security challenges in mind,technology will mitigate the effects of constraints faced by certain armies, such as the SingaporeArmed Forces, which faces considerable limitations in manpower. The transfer of technologywill oblige military leaders in the region to develop concepts that can exploit new technologies inaccordance with the strategic challenges. It could also provide the technology base for civil industriesto develop. However, harnessing technology is expensive. Hence, acquiring high-technologyequipment and developing new operating concepts with this new equipment is subject to availabilityof defence budgets. With governments focused on economic development, the need for a stable andsecure environment for foreign investments could provide the impetus for additional funding.24.Confidence-building. Given the uncertainty of the security environment in the region,Southeast Asian governments should aim to reduce the response time for the deployment of militaryand civil agencies to the area of operations. To reduce response time, mutual understanding willbe key. Hence, confidence-building within the region is critical. Defence bilateral and multilateralcooperation, including combined training and personnel exchanges, should be strengthened tomaintain the understanding of differences amongst Southeast Asian armies.Conclusion25.Southeast Asia is a region in flux. Comprising a collection of nations with diverse ethnicity,race, language and political systems, Southeast Asia has experienced the boom and bust of theAsian economic miracle, fracturing of political systems and the shifting US strategic interests amidthe global war against terrorism.41 When juxtaposed on inter-state border issues, intra-state ethnictensions and the emergence of non-state actors, such as Jemaah Islamiah and Laksar Jihad, securityconcerns in Southeast Asia are increasingly amalgamated. Only with a secure environment caneconomic development take place.26.Southeast Asian countries will need to focus on cooperative security. By working closertogether to resolve issues, military forces in Southeast Asia will need to be prepared to undertakenon-conventional tasks. This will coalesce member-states and hence facilitate the development ofmutual understanding, transparency and communications, developing the ‘ASEAN Way’ further.42Hence, cooperation between military forces could be a harbinger for a more secure environment inthe near future, providing opportunities for economic development and better stability.
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