CHAPTER 1
Specter of Paris
The Staging of Cairo’s Modern City Center
The modern occurs only by performing the distinction between the modern and the non-modern, the West and the non-West, each performance opening the possibility of what is figured as non-modern contaminating the modern, displacing it, or disrupting its authority.
—Timothy Mitchell, “The Stage of Modernity”1
Introduction
o explore the relationship between Wust al-Balad and contemporary Egyptian literature treating this district requires us to consider the way in which ideas of the modern impact urban space and the construction
of modern Egyptian identity. By analyzing the interaction of these two nar- rative acts—the urban–architectural and the textual—I hope to reemphasize from a literary standpoint what Timothy Mitchell and Farha Ghannam have shown through their anthropological and theoretical studies—namely, that the battle for the modern subject was and continues to be waged in space.2 Evidence of the relationship between space and subjectivity is emergent in a number of contemporary novels. These works depict the struggle to negotiate a modern sense of Egyptian identity as the process of mapping local identity in space. In other words, situating the self within the changing urban geography of the city becomes a vehicle for coming into one’s selfhood. An understanding of the spatial logic internal to these new novels gives us, as Franco Moretti puts it, a “diagram of forces” from which we can deduce the way the social forces of the city have “produced” these novels.3 In a reciprocal turn, we can also get a sense of the way in which these novels continue to “produce the city for readers,” rendering the city as “legible” and providing a site in which space, specifically
urban space, is made coherent through narration.4 Echoing this idea, Mary Pat Brady writes in the context of Chicana literary production, “Literature thrives on the intersections between the shaping powers of language and the productive powers of space . . . it uses space and spatial processes metaphorically to sug- gest emotions, insights, concepts, characters. It also shapes the way spaces are perceived, understood, and ultimately produced.”5
At the core of Colonising Egypt and his later essay “The Stage of Moder- nity,” Timothy Mitchell suggests that the emergence of modernity—as an idea, fixed in time and European space—is critically linked to the way reality came to be conceived and rendered as an “exhibit” or representation. This act of representation—“the replication of the real”—and its link to both French and British colonial projects, is, as he later extrapolates, intimately tied to the act of reproduction and the commodification of goods. Mitchell’s fundamental point, based on the work of Guy Debord, is predicated on the idea that with the emer- gence of capitalism in Egypt, Egyptians became mere spectators in the staging of their own modernity, no longer participants. Here the image (or the spec- tacle) takes the place of real experience and human interaction. This idea, also echoed with some variation in the work of Nancy Reynolds and Gwendolyn Wright, suggests that the commodification of goods—and as Reynolds points out, the important introduction of glass for stores—comes to define the Egyp- tian experience of colonial modernity.6 Just as the new department stores and arcades in Paris and London created “mechanical worlds-in-miniature” (a result of changes in the way cotton was harvested and the growth of the textile indus- try),7 with displays of their goods in an orderly fashion for the consumer, so too did the exhibit become a form of representing the world of the “Other” as a commodifiable cultural object. The exhibition, as Mitchell reminds us, served as the most concrete staging of what many Arabs observed upon their visits to Europe: “Characteristic of the way Europeans seemed to live is their preoccupa- tion with what the same Egyptian author described as intizam al-manzar, the organisation of the view. The Europe one reads about in Arabic accounts was a place of discipline and visual arrangement, of silent gazes and strange simula- tions, of the organisation of everything and everything organised to represent, to recall like the exhibition some larger meaning. Outside the world exhibition it follows paradoxically, one encountered not the world but only further models and representations of the real.”8
Mitchell argues that it is not only the possibility for replicating a certain representation of reality that lies at the core of modern selfhood but also the notion that there is, behind this replica, an original (people or nation) “prior to” this (re)presentation. The idea that a static homogeneous body exists apart and removed from the messiness of difference and disorder is what such “exhib- iting” and replication achieves. It effectively creates the myth of the “original”
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
الفصل 1شبح باريسالتدريج من مركز المدينة الحديثة في القاهرةيحدث الحديث فقط عن طريق إجراء التمييز بين الحديثة وغير الحديثة والغرب وغير-الغرب، أداء كل فتح إمكانية لما هو احسب كغير الحديثة تلويث الحديثة، مما أدى إلى تشريد أنه، أو الإخلال بسلطتها.-تيموثي Mitchell، "مرحلة الحداثة" 1مقدمةo استكشاف العلاقة بين وسط البلد والأدب المصري المعاصر علاج هذه المنطقة يتطلب منا النظر في الطريقة التي تؤثر الأفكار الحديثة الحيز الحضري، والبناءالهوية المصرية الحديثة. عن طريق تحليل التفاعل بين هذين نار-راتب العملين – الحضرية – المعمارية والنصوص – وآمل أن اعترافنا من ناحية أدبية ما Mitchell تيموثي وفرحة غنام أظهرت من خلال دراساتهم الأنثروبولوجية والنظرية – إلا وهي أن المعركة من أجل موضوع الحديث كان ولا يزال أن تشن في space.2 دليل على العلاقة بين الفضاء والذاتية الناشئة في عدد من الروايات المعاصرة. هذه الأعمال تصور النضال من أجل التفاوض بشأن حديثة شعور بالهوية المصرية كعملية تعيين الهوية المحلية في الفضاء. وبعبارة أخرى، وضع الذات داخل الجغرافيا الحضرية المتغيرة من المدينة يصبح وسيلة لحيز الأنانية واحد. فهم منطق المكانية الداخلية لهذه الروايات الجديدة تتيح لنا، كما يضعه "فرانكو موريتي"، "مخطط للقوات" من الذي نحن يمكن أن نستنتج طريقة القوى الاجتماعية في المدينة "أسفرت عن" هذه novels.3 في دورة المعاملة بالمثل، يمكننا أيضا الحصول على إحساس بالطريقة التي تواصل هذه الروايات "إنتاج المدينة للقراء ، "مما يجعل المدينة كما" مقروءة "وتوفير موقع في الفضاء، على وجه التحديد urban space, is made coherent through narration.4 Echoing this idea, Mary Pat Brady writes in the context of Chicana literary production, “Literature thrives on the intersections between the shaping powers of language and the productive powers of space . . . it uses space and spatial processes metaphorically to sug- gest emotions, insights, concepts, characters. It also shapes the way spaces are perceived, understood, and ultimately produced.”5At the core of Colonising Egypt and his later essay “The Stage of Moder- nity,” Timothy Mitchell suggests that the emergence of modernity—as an idea, fixed in time and European space—is critically linked to the way reality came to be conceived and rendered as an “exhibit” or representation. This act of representation—“the replication of the real”—and its link to both French and British colonial projects, is, as he later extrapolates, intimately tied to the act of reproduction and the commodification of goods. Mitchell’s fundamental point, based on the work of Guy Debord, is predicated on the idea that with the emer- gence of capitalism in Egypt, Egyptians became mere spectators in the staging of their own modernity, no longer participants. Here the image (or the spec- tacle) takes the place of real experience and human interaction. This idea, also echoed with some variation in the work of Nancy Reynolds and Gwendolyn Wright, suggests that the commodification of goods—and as Reynolds points out, the important introduction of glass for stores—comes to define the Egyp- tian experience of colonial modernity.6 Just as the new department stores and arcades in Paris and London created “mechanical worlds-in-miniature” (a result of changes in the way cotton was harvested and the growth of the textile indus- try),7 with displays of their goods in an orderly fashion for the consumer, so too did the exhibit become a form of representing the world of the “Other” as a commodifiable cultural object. The exhibition, as Mitchell reminds us, served as the most concrete staging of what many Arabs observed upon their visits to Europe: “Characteristic of the way Europeans seemed to live is their preoccupa- tion with what the same Egyptian author described as intizam al-manzar, the organisation of the view. The Europe one reads about in Arabic accounts was a place of discipline and visual arrangement, of silent gazes and strange simula- tions, of the organisation of everything and everything organised to represent, to recall like the exhibition some larger meaning. Outside the world exhibition it follows paradoxically, one encountered not the world but only further models and representations of the real.”8Mitchell argues that it is not only the possibility for replicating a certain representation of reality that lies at the core of modern selfhood but also the notion that there is, behind this replica, an original (people or nation) “prior to” this (re)presentation. The idea that a static homogeneous body exists apart and removed from the messiness of difference and disorder is what such “exhib- iting” and replication achieves. It effectively creates the myth of the “original”
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