A subtle demonstration of the monumental interior’s capacity for representing different possibilities all at once is the extension to the Musée du Louvre, or Grand Louvre, in Paris, by Ieoh Ming Pei and partners (1984-1989; 1994). Pei’s commission was to look at its complete reorganisation. The Louvre had long been labyrinthine, confusing, and woefully lacking even basic facilities for visitors. Only a small proportion of the museum’s visitors came from Paris. The entire palace was dedicated to an incongruent group of functions, a consequence of its long and complex history. The project for its reorganisation and extension in 1983 was an edict by President François Mitterrand, who had announced shortly after his election in 1981 that the Ministère des Finances, which had occupied the Richelieu wing of the Louvre since 1870, would be relocated to a new building in the east of Paris. Mitterrand pursued and appointed I.M. Pei, primarily on the basis of his design for the East Wing of the National Gallery of Art in Washington.[1] The appointment was controversial: Pei’s foreign-ness was widely believed to render necessarily sensitive considerations of the Louvre and of Paris, in particular, issues of heritage or patrimoine, unlikely or impossible. There was great fear that he would usher American crassness—the anomie of MacDonald’s and Las Vegas—into the heart of French public life, and agitate for its destruction.
louvre pyramid paris
I. M. Pei’s project regarded the Louvre and its extensions as a coherent whole, approached as one institution and one building by the public, rather than as a series of discrete museums tied to separate wings or pavilions. Pei proposed that all of these— Richelieu, Sully and Denon— should be secured to the Cour Napoléon, onto which they faced. The Cour furthermore was open to the Jardins de Tuilerie and the axis of the Champs-Elysées, and it was this fact that gave the project and the Louvre as a whole, an orientation. Many connections were necessary to make the complex function as a modern museum. A wealth of new components were required: auditoria, temporary exhibition galleries, staging areas, storage, internal communications, workshops, and delivery/expedition areas. These and, finally, the considerations regarding access for the public, led to the design of two underground levels that filled the entire courtyard. Pei regarded the solution not solely as a matter of effecting the museum’s operations, but as the remedy to an essentially urban problem, relieving the ancien-Louvre’s obstruction of the bulk of the première arrondissement from contact with the Seine. Pei thought that the site had to be used by the public in order to realise this contact: thus urban and museological imperatives coincided. Clarity was achieved in the form of an open concourse between the variously extended museum wings, permitting easy access to each of them. In its role as urban device, the concourse was legitimised as a public space, intended by Pei to be considered to be part of the city’s structure of public spaces. The concourse had to appear to interfere as little as possible with the image of the historic pavilions above ground. Therefore, the solution could only be implemented freely under the Louvre, underground. The connection between the various museum components as well as the city and the Seine would be, of necessity both functional and representational, an underground concourse.
louvre paris lobby
Grand Louvre, Paris (1989; 1994). Architects: Pei Cobb Freed architects and Planners. I. M. Pei, partner-in-charge and designer. All photos in article: © Mark Pimlott.
Rather than reiterating the solution established by his office in Montréal decades earlier— in which the underground promenades accepted access from many points, making the concourse an inevitable zone of convergence for myriad cross-town routes I. M. Pei’s treatment for the Louvre insisted on focussing its entry at one point, at the nexus of its implied underground routes. Therefore, above ground, at the centre of the Cour Napoléon, which was, according to Pei, the Louvre’s "centre of gravity",[2] Pei proposed a glass pyramid— arousing immediate scorn— surrounded on three sides by reflecting pools and three pyramidions, breached by revolving doors on the flank facing the Tuileries. This surprising solution straddled the difficult alternatives of being monumental in its own right and subservient to the historical setting in its entirety. The institutional and public reactions to Pei’s proposal painted its strategy as a failure: the pyramid itself was widely regarded as an incomprehensible affront,[3] and the foreseen interior space was described both as a mausoleum and a cheap American shopping mall.
grand louvre paris lobby
Widely lampooned, the pyramid was taken to be a monument to the vanity and presumed autocracy of the French president; a funereal presence in the heart of Paris; a ruinous gadget; a bauble.[4] After many visual examinations— including one in which the outline of the pyramid was rigged up at full scale for the approval of the mayor of Paris and French premier-ministre, Jacques Chirac— a correct proportion was arrived at that happened to coincide precisely with that of the Great Pyramids at Giza, adding fuel to its detractors’ scandalised criticism. Upon completion, it was in many ways all that its critics said it would be. In daylight, it appeared to be a slightly small, dull, though monumental object, despite I. M. Pei’s prediction that it would disappear by reflecting the changing Paris sky. When struck by either raking light or nocturnal illumination, the tekhne of the pyramid’s interior structural support became visible, glittering in the manner of the feared and maligned bauble, so joining the scenery of the other gilded and illuminated monuments of Paris. In this company it was no more vulgar than the Arc de Carousel or the Tour Eiffel. It was a spectacle for a number of reasons: almost too small to be the front door of the Louvre, the pyramid was perpetually surrounded with queues of hopeful visitors guided by ropes and improvised signposts; for a long time, it benefited from its own notoriety; each month, its glazed surfaces were washed by trained mountain climbers, who would abseil its slopes, armed with hoses, sponges and squeegees, swelling the attendant crowds. (Abseilers have been replaced by a small, creeping machine.) With regard to the pyramid being monumental in its own right or in the service of the ancien-Louvre’s own monumentality, it achieved a compromise by appearing to be the carapace of a monument, a ghost sketched out in structural filigree. In this way, Pei’s pyramid was reminiscent of the architecture of French gardens and their latent melancholy, always suggesting ruination and decay, as kinds of momento mori; its resolution was furthermore consistent with Modernism’s uncomfortable relationship with the Monument, which its architects pretended to have discarded as an irrelevant outcome of historical bourgeois vanity or sentimentality. If the monument is obliged to appear in contemporary architecture, it does so in the manner of an apology: for example, the dome that completed and represented Norman Foster’s resuscitation of the Reichstag in Berlin (1995-1999) replaced the glass and steel cupola destroyed by fire in a way that suggested the ruined cupola and State, and the inevitability of its reconstruction. With its spiral passarelle, its form was treated as a spectacle for the German public, arranged as a tribute to a Phoenix-like German democracy. Pei’s pyramid appeared as an object in an interior, a monumental, albeit fragile miniature surrounded by the restored, illuminated ancien-Louvre, obliged to assume the role of a spectacle within its historical context. Part of the pyramid’s dilemma was the problem experienced by Modern architects’ confrontations with History itself. History obliges modern constructions to make specific addresses to its authority, making references to the monumental almost inevitable. These addresses, removed from daily urban life, are experienced as spectacle.[5] Images of the Second World War’s total devastation seem to haunt projects such as the Louvre pyramid and the Reichstag dome, which labour under the yoke of History: the photographs, for example, of the scorched ruins of Berlin or Hiroshima are emblematic of an historical anxiety that finds its echo in the nervous concoctions of spectacles for mass entertainment.
louvre paris lobby
Grand Louvre, Paris (1989; 1994). Architects: Pei Cobb Freed architects and Planners. I. M. Pei, partner-in-charge and designer. All photos in article: © Mark Pimlott.
Once through the revolving doors at the base of the glass pyramid, the visitor finds himself on a triangular platform that pushes into a square void, suspended over a hall of great volume, deep and high, sheltered by the glass pyramid. Its volume is much greater than perceived from outside. Two escalators springing from the platform offer descent to the concourse floor, as do the pairing of an open hydraulic lift (for wheelchair users and those who just want to ride for fun) and a wide spiral staircase that wraps around it. Looking through the diamond-shaped tracery of the pyramid’s supporting structural web, the pavilions of the ancien-Louvre embrace and dominate the view. The all-over structure of cables, struts and fixings for the pyramid’s glazing is very fine, with precisely-engineered details in cast and spun metal, like those one might expect to find on a very expensive yacht.[6] The view through the pyramid and its rigging to the impressive stones of the Sully, Denon and Richelieu pavilions is almost didactic; looking below, the entirety of an underground structure connecting the protagonists of the scene makes itself apparent. At this moment, the surface of the Cour Napoléon is perceived as a platform
النتائج (
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[نسخ]نسخ!
مظاهرة خفية من القدرات الداخلية الضخمة لتمثل الاحتمالات المختلفة في كل مرة هو التمديد لمتحف اللوفر، أو متحف اللوفر الكبير، في باريس، حسب ايوه مينغ بي والشركاء (1984-1989؛ وعام 1994). وكان اللجنة بي أن ننظر في إعادة تنظيم كاملة. متحف اللوفر منذ وقت طويل كان تيهي، مربكة، ويرثي له تفتقر إلى المرافق الأساسية حتى للزائرين. فقط نسبة صغيرة من الزوار في المتحف جاءت من باريس. قصر كامل خصص لفريق تتعارض من المهام، كنتيجة لتاريخها الطويل والمعقد. وكان المشروع لإعادة التنظيم، والتمديد في عام 1983 مرسوم من الرئيس فرانسوا ميتران، الذي كان قد أعلن بعد وقت قصير من انتخابه رئيسا في عام 1981 أنه سينقل وزارة المالية، التي كانت تحتلها جناح ريشيليو لمتحف اللوفر منذ عام 1870، إلى مبنى جديد في شرق باريس. ميتران السعي وعين بي الدردشة، أساسا، على أساس تصميم له "الجناح الشرقي" "المتحف الوطني للفنون" في واشنطن.[1] وكان التعيين المثير للجدل: الأجنبي-نيس بي وكان يعتقد على نطاق واسع تقديم الاعتبارات الحساسة بالضرورة من متحف اللوفر وباريس، على وجه الخصوص، المسائل المتعلقة بالتراث أو التراث، من المحتمل أو من المستحيل. وكان هناك خوف كبير أنه سوف تستهل كراسنيس الأمريكية – اﻷنوميا ماكدونالد و لاس فيغاس – في قلب الحياة العامة الفرنسية، وتحرض لتدميرها.هرم متحف اللوفر في باريسالمشروع "أولاً م. بي" يعتبر متحف اللوفر وملحقاته ككل متماسك، اقترب كمؤسسة واحدة، وبناء واحد من الجمهور، بدلاً من كسلسلة من المتاحف منفصلة مرتبطة بفصل الأجنحة أو أجنحة. برينس واقترح أن كل هذه – ريشيليو، سولي ودينون – يجب أن تكون آمنة ل Napoléon Cour، التي يواجهونها. المحكمة علاوة على ذلك كان مفتوحاً تايلر دي حدائق والمحور من الشانزليزيه، وكان هذا حقيقة أن أعطى المشروع ومتحف اللوفر ككل، توجه. اتصالات كثيرة كانت ضرورية لجعل مهمة معقدة كمتحف حديثة. هناك حاجة إلى ثروة مكونات جديدة: أوديتوريا وصالات المعارض المؤقتة، مجالات التدريج، التخزين، والاتصالات الداخلية، حلقات عمل والمناطق التسليم/القطب. هذه والاعتبارات المتعلقة بإمكانية الوصول للجمهور، وأخيراً، أدت إلى تصميم اثنين من مستويات تحت الأرض التي شغلها الفناء الكامل. برينس يعتبر الحل ليس فقط كمسألة أحداث العمليات في المتحف، ولكن كالعلاج لمشكلة أساسا من المناطق حضرية، والتخفيف من عرقلة القديم متحف اللوفر للجزء الأكبر الدائرة première من الاتصال مع نهر السين. برينس يعتقد أن الموقع يجب أن تكون المستخدمة من قبل الجمهور بغية تحقيق هذا الاتصال: وهكذا تزامنت مقتضيات الحضري والمتحف. وكان تحقيق الوضوح في النموذج ردهة مفتوحة بين أجنحة المتحف ممتدة على درجات متفاوتة، السماح بالوصول السهل إلى كل واحد منهم. في دورها كجهاز الحضرية، كان مستخدمي في الطابق السفلي الأول كمساحة عامة، يقصد بها بي النظر في أن تكون جزءا من الهيكل في المدينة من الأماكن العامة. وكان الطابق السفلي الأول تظهر للتدخل بأقل قدر ممكن مع صورة الأجنحة التاريخية فوق سطح الأرض. ولذلك، الحل الذي لا يمكن تنفيذه إلا بحرية تحت متحف اللوفر، تحت الأرض. سيكون الاتصال بين مختلف مكونات المتحف، فضلا عن المدينة ونهر السين، الضرورة الفنية والتمثيلية، على حد سواء الطابق السفلي تحت الأرض.متحف اللوفر باريس الضغطمتحف اللوفر الكبير، باريس (1989، 1994). المهندسين المعماريين: بي "كوب الإفراج عن" المهندسين المعماريين والمخططين. أولاً م. بي، شريكة في التهمة، ومصمم. كل الصور في المقالة: مارك بيملوت ©.بدلاً من وإذ يكرر تأكيد الحل الذي أنشأته له مكتب في مونتريال قبل عقود – التنزه تحت الأرض التي الوصول المقبولة من العديد من النقاط، مما يجعل الطابق السفلي الأول منطقة لا مفر منه للتقارب لعلاج عدد لا يحصى من الطرق يرتديه "أولاً م. بي" لمتحف اللوفر وأصر على التركيز دخولها عند نقطة واحدة، في العلاقة بين طرق تحت الأرض ضمنية. ولذلك، فوق سطح الأرض، في مركز Napoléon Cour، الذي كان، وفقا لجزيرة الأمير إدوارد، "مركز في متحف اللوفر الجاذبية"، [2] اقترح بي هرم زجاج – تثير الازدراء فورا — محاطة تعكس تجمعات وثلاثة بيراميديونس، أخلت بأبواب دوارة في الجناح يواجه Tuileries ثلاثة جوانب. هذا الحل المدهش مربك بدائل صعبة كونها ضخمة في الحق وخاضعة للإعداد التاريخية في مجملها الخاصة به. ردود الفعل المؤسسية والعامة إلى اقتراح بي رسمت استراتيجيتها كفشل: الهرم نفسها اعتبرت على نطاق واسع كإهانة غير مفهومة، [3] ووصفت المساحة الداخلية المتوقعة كضريح ومركز أمريكا رخيصة للتسوق على حد سواء.الضغط الكبير متحف اللوفر باريسWidely lampooned, the pyramid was taken to be a monument to the vanity and presumed autocracy of the French president; a funereal presence in the heart of Paris; a ruinous gadget; a bauble.[4] After many visual examinations— including one in which the outline of the pyramid was rigged up at full scale for the approval of the mayor of Paris and French premier-ministre, Jacques Chirac— a correct proportion was arrived at that happened to coincide precisely with that of the Great Pyramids at Giza, adding fuel to its detractors’ scandalised criticism. Upon completion, it was in many ways all that its critics said it would be. In daylight, it appeared to be a slightly small, dull, though monumental object, despite I. M. Pei’s prediction that it would disappear by reflecting the changing Paris sky. When struck by either raking light or nocturnal illumination, the tekhne of the pyramid’s interior structural support became visible, glittering in the manner of the feared and maligned bauble, so joining the scenery of the other gilded and illuminated monuments of Paris. In this company it was no more vulgar than the Arc de Carousel or the Tour Eiffel. It was a spectacle for a number of reasons: almost too small to be the front door of the Louvre, the pyramid was perpetually surrounded with queues of hopeful visitors guided by ropes and improvised signposts; for a long time, it benefited from its own notoriety; each month, its glazed surfaces were washed by trained mountain climbers, who would abseil its slopes, armed with hoses, sponges and squeegees, swelling the attendant crowds. (Abseilers have been replaced by a small, creeping machine.) With regard to the pyramid being monumental in its own right or in the service of the ancien-Louvre’s own monumentality, it achieved a compromise by appearing to be the carapace of a monument, a ghost sketched out in structural filigree. In this way, Pei’s pyramid was reminiscent of the architecture of French gardens and their latent melancholy, always suggesting ruination and decay, as kinds of momento mori; its resolution was furthermore consistent with Modernism’s uncomfortable relationship with the Monument, which its architects pretended to have discarded as an irrelevant outcome of historical bourgeois vanity or sentimentality. If the monument is obliged to appear in contemporary architecture, it does so in the manner of an apology: for example, the dome that completed and represented Norman Foster’s resuscitation of the Reichstag in Berlin (1995-1999) replaced the glass and steel cupola destroyed by fire in a way that suggested the ruined cupola and State, and the inevitability of its reconstruction. With its spiral passarelle, its form was treated as a spectacle for the German public, arranged as a tribute to a Phoenix-like German democracy. Pei’s pyramid appeared as an object in an interior, a monumental, albeit fragile miniature surrounded by the restored, illuminated ancien-Louvre, obliged to assume the role of a spectacle within its historical context. Part of the pyramid’s dilemma was the problem experienced by Modern architects’ confrontations with History itself. History obliges modern constructions to make specific addresses to its authority, making references to the monumental almost inevitable. These addresses, removed from daily urban life, are experienced as spectacle.[5] Images of the Second World War’s total devastation seem to haunt projects such as the Louvre pyramid and the Reichstag dome, which labour under the yoke of History: the photographs, for example, of the scorched ruins of Berlin or Hiroshima are emblematic of an historical anxiety that finds its echo in the nervous concoctions of spectacles for mass entertainment.متحف اللوفر باريس الضغطمتحف اللوفر الكبير، باريس (1989، 1994). المهندسين المعماريين: بي "كوب الإفراج عن" المهندسين المعماريين والمخططين. أولاً م. بي، شريكة في التهمة، ومصمم. كل الصور في المقالة: مارك بيملوت ©.مرة من خلال الأبواب الدوارة في قاعدة الهرم الزجاج، يجد الزائر نفسه على منصة ثلاثي الذي يدفع إلى فراغ مربعا، علقت على قاعة كبيرة الحجم، عميقة وعالية، تحميه الهرم الزجاجي. حجمه أكبر بكثير مما هو متصور من خارج. اثنين من السلالم المتحركة الظهور من منصة العرض والنسب إلى الكلمة الطابق السفلي الأول، كما تفعل الاقتران رفع هيدروليكية مفتوحة (لمستخدمي الكراسي المتحركة، وأولئك الذين يريدون فقط ركوب للمتعة) ودرج لولبي واسع أن يلتف حوله. تبحث عن طريق تراسيري على شكل الماس من الهرم دعم ويب الهيكلية، احتضان أجنحة القديم-متحف اللوفر وتهيمن على الرأي. هيكل ليتسن للكابلات والدعامات والمثبتات للزجاج في الهرم جيد جداً، مع إجراء هندسة عكسية دقة التفاصيل في المدلى بها، ونسج معدنية، مثل تلك التي قد يتوقع المرء العثور على متن يخت مكلفة للغاية.[6] عرض من خلال الهرم، وعن تزوير للحجارة مثيرة للإعجاب من أجنحة سولي، دينون وريشيليو تقريبا التعليمية؛ تبحث أدناه، يجعل مجمل بنية تحت الأرض تربط الخصوم في المشهد نفسه من الظاهر. في هذه اللحظة، يعتبر سطح Cour Napoléon كمنبر
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