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Harel‟s view, mathematics consists of two complementary subsets: (a) the first consists ofinstitutionalized ways of understanding, which is a collection of established definitions, axioms,theorems, proofs, problems, and solutions that have been accepted by the mathematicalcommunity; and (b) the second is a collection of ways of thinking, which are conceptual toolsthat are useful for the generation of the first subset (Harel, 2008). The distinction between waysof thinking and ways of understanding underscores the importance of mathematical habits ofmind, which tend to be neglected in traditional mathematics curricula.According to Harel‟s duality principle (2007), “Students develop ways of thinking onlythrough the construction of ways of understanding, and the ways of understanding they produceare determined by the ways of thinking they possess” (p. 272). This principle asserts that ways ofthinking cannot be improved independently of ways of understanding, and vice versa. Hence,Harel advocates that both ways of understanding and ways of thinking should be incorporated aslearning objectives for students.In their introductory article to a special issue on advanced mathematical thinking thatconsidered symbolizing, mathematizing, algorithmatizing, defining, and reasoning, Selden and
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