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It is likely that classrooms in which you teach will be academically diverse. You probablycan’t escape academic diversity in your teaching career. What you can controlis your response to it. Even as you begin your career as a teacher, what you believeabout your work as a professional will begin to shape how you practice that profession.YOUR TURN Examining Classroom Connectionsin Responsive Teaching1. Draw a flowchart or some other graphic representationthat shows the interrelationship amongwho we teach, where we teach, what we teach,and how we teach in the thinking and practice ofMrs. Rex. Annotate your graphic to make sure theconnections you make are clear to colleagues wholook at your work.2. Draw a similar flowchart that reflects the thinkingand practice of a teacher in a one-size-fits-all classroom.Annotate this graphic with your thoughts,too. Beneath the graphic, write a statement of comparisonand contrast for the two representations.3. Develop a list of three or four of the most importantbeliefs you now hold about whom you willteach, where you will teach, what you will teach,and how you will teach. Beside each of the beliefs,write how you think that belief will shape yourteaching.4. It’s easy to think of grading as a process thatis highly prescribed—that exists apart from ateacher’s beliefs about teaching. In fact, it isoften the case that because we see grading asfixed, grading shapes our beliefs about teachingrather than our beliefs about teaching shaping theway we grade. What impact would you supposeMrs. Rex’s beliefs have on her grading? Howwould you grade to reflect the beliefs you listed initem 3?about teaching and learning, not when it is simply a collection of techniquesapplied to a classroom in which students are often taught as though theywere indistinguishable from one another, or in a setting that is impersonalor intimidating, or using a curriculum that feels stale and remote tolearnersTo apply specific ways to differentiate content, activities,and products in response to student readiness, interest,and learning profileSome Approaches to Responsive TeachingThere is no formula for differentiation—no single way to respond to studentvariance. While that is uncomfortable in some ways, it’s also positive.Teachers vary just as their students do, and it’s important for teachers tobe able to develop processes and procedures for addressing their learners’needs in ways that simultaneously address the personality and developingexpertise of the teacher.It is nonetheless helpful, however, for a teacher to have a way of organizinghis or her thinking about and planning for academically responsive teaching.For that reason, it’s useful to think in terms of differentiation in response tothree student traits (readiness, interest, and learning profile) in regard tothree elements of curriculum (content, process, and product) and in termsof two instructional roles (teacher role and student role).This section presents just a few examples of how a teacher mightdifferentiate content (what the student should learn or how the student getsTo access the video, go to www.cengage.com/login. Watch the video clip, then reflect on the followingquestions:1. Why does it matter that the teacher starts planning for differentiation thinking aboutcommon learning goals? What would change if she simply set out to “cover material”without clearly delineating essential learning outcomes?2. In what ways might it be helpful to the teacher and to the quality of her instruction thatshe thinks about representative students when planning differentiated lessons, ratherthan simply planning a differentiated lesson without particular students in mind?3. The teacher says she feels it’s important to build on student strengths rather thanemphasizing their areas of need. To what degree does this approach make sense to you,and why or why not?4. This teacher enlists the help of specialists in this differentiated lesson. If you were notable to access that support, how might you plan the lesson and carry it out so that itwould still work for the range of students in your class—and for you?5. This video case shows a teacher planning for student readiness differences. What mightyou do to adapt the lesson to address student interests? To address student learningprofiles (or preferred ways of learning)?access to the information and ideas), process (activities, or how the studentcomes to make sense of and “own” the content), and/or product (how thestudent shows what he or she has come to know, understand, and be able todo) in response to student readiness (proximity to a learning goal), interest(affinity for a topic or task), and/or learning profile (preferred way to learn),depending on whether the focus of instruction at a given moment is teacheras presenter or student as worker.17In Response to Learner ReadinessReadiness has to do with a student’s current understandings and skillsrelative to a particular learning goal. A task presented at a readiness levelappropriate for a student will be just a little too difficult for the student tocomplete independently. Often, the learning goal for a task will not changein response to student readiness, but the degree of difficulty, or degree ofcomplexity at which the student is asked to work with the goal, should matchthe student’s current preparedness for the work. Recall that when tasksare too difficult or too simple for a learner’s readiness level, achievement islikely to be impaired. Thus the goal of readiness differentiation is to makesure a learner (1) has enough background to understand the assignedmaterial or task, (2) has to work to link what he or she already knows tosomething unfamiliar introduced in the material or task, (3) has a supportsystem in the classroom to help bridge the known and the new, and(4) generally finds that success follows effort. (Watch the video case, AcademicDiversity: Differentiated Instruction to see how an elementary teacher thinksabout addressing variance in student readiness in a writing lesson.)The following table lists strategies teachers can use to make the classroomfit better for a range of learners. The list is by no means complete, but itillustrates ways in which teachers teach important content with the needs oflearners forming a central part of their instructional thinking and planningSOME APPROACHES TO DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION FOR STUDENTREADINESSAdjusting for Readiness: When the Teacher PresentsProvide organizers to helpstudents follow the presentationsequence and focus on mainideas.To support students who have difficulty following a lectureor other oral presentation, Mr. Jameson gives students blankgraphics with spaces to record main ideas and illustrations. Healso completes the graphic on the overhead as he talks.Use concrete illustrations ofcomplex or abstract ideas andpre-teach academic vocabulary.To support students who have difficulty with abstractinformation, Ms. Higgins nearly always uses objects she’s broughtfrom home to demonstrate how principles of physics work.List key vocabulary for studentreference.To support second-language learners and other students withreading or writing difficulties, Ms. Ahmad posts a chart ofimportant words about a topic and discusses what students knowor guess about the words before she begins a discussion on thattopic. She then has her students adjust their thoughts about thewords as they gain new information.Use small-group instruction asa regular means of teaching.Ms. Abel frequently conducts mini-workshops on skills or ideas sheknows will be difficult for some of her students. She individuallyasks some students to attend and also invites anyone who’dlike help with the topic to come to the session as well. She alsoregularly plans reteaching sessions for students who struggle withfundamental ideas and skills and small-group sessions to extendthe thinking of students whose thinking and skills are advanced.Stop often for student reflectionand questions.Mr. Garcia stops about every seven to ten minutes when heis explaining and demonstrating at the board or overhead.Sometimes he asks students to summarize key points or applya skill with a partner. Sometimes he asks students individuallyto write a summary statement or question about what they areunderstanding. He walks around the room to hear or read studentideas and then concludes with questions from the class beforemoving ahead. He also uses what he hears to shape his teaching.Ask questions of escalatingdifficulty.To make certain everyone in the class is challenged bydiscussions, Ms. Rentz plans question sequences that begin byasking for fundamental information and concepts and continuesby increasing the complexity of questions until everyone in theclass has been both affirmed and stretched by her questioning.Provide materials at variedreadability levels.Strategy ExampleMs. Glenn uses text materials, supplementary print materials,and Internet resources at a wide range of reading levels on thesame topics to ensure that each student has resources that areappropriately challenging for that learner.Bridge the language gap forsecond-language learners.Ms. Hendrix finds resource materials in the native languages ofstudents whenever she can. She also ensures that in group work,there are students who can speak both English and the languageof students who are just learning English. She encourages newEnglish learners to write first in their own language and thenSOME APPROACHES TO DIFFERENTIATING INSTRUCTION FOR STUDENTREADINESS (CONT.)translate into English so their ideas are not muted by languagedifficulties. In addition, she meets with these students as often aspossible to coach them in their new language.Assess often and use findings toadjust plans.Mr. Peterson thinks of
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