In regard to the second area of concern, critics of reform by testing emphasize the impact of testing on curriculurn.,Assessment controls what gets taught; the press to standardize curriculum reduces the possibility of creating curriculum that is culturally relevant to one's own students, and substantially narrows how teachers think about learning or what they see as the purpose of schooling. Many reports document the narrowing of curriculum in which teaching to the test (and teaching how to take tests) substitutes for deeper intellectual inquiry, and subjects and concepts that are not tested are simply dropped (Hillocks, 2002; Jones, Jones, & Hargrove, 2003; Kohn, 2002; Lipman, 2004; McNeil Er Valenzuela, 2001; Meier, 2002; Stecher, 2001).
Teachers I worked with expressed variations of this concern more than any other. They emphasized reduced space for creative lessons and,,,ja: creased anxiety about making sure they teach what is on the test. For example, one commented, 'Because my school is so small our principal has asked that we share teaching art, science, and social studies. The anxiety that teachers feel to meet standards restricts their sense of creating toward 'inclusion' curriculum" (Mona, October 13, 2003). Others talked about their concern for making sure they hit what children will be tested over as they choose what to spend time teaching and what to skip. For example, one teacher commented, But still then we have these standards over here for science and social studies. I try and hit the bigger ones, you know. I mean, you can't hit everything, but at least the ones they're going to be tested on. You more or less try to hit that" (Cheryl, February 5, 2004).
Teachers were also concerned about narrowing.tb,e_thigu of what schools are for. For example, one teacher said, *I see this emphasis on testing as a political issue because when one is frantically trying to 'get all the skills,' there is little time or energy left over for examining the con-
tent of what is supposed to be taught, and thus the imposed curriculum remains in place" (Kathy, October 13, 2003). Lost is consideration of schools as public spaces where young people might learn to engage with different perspectives, empathize with others, or engage in social problem solving. Lost, too, are discussions about what it means to learn, how to cultivate inquiry and love of learning, or how to encourage the development of artistic or ethical sensibilities.
Further, narrowing of curriculum and pressure to teach to the tests occursdis=portionately in.schools serving lowrincomestudeMS gu-
dents of color (Kornhaber, 2004; Lipman, 2004; Madaus Er Clarke, 2001; McNeil & Valenzuela, 2001). Although tests presume to measure gen-
eral achievement and learning, critics point out that scores on high-stakes content tests do not necessarily correlate with other established measures of student learning, such as the NAEP, SAT, and advanced placement
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
فيما يتعلق بالمجال الثاني للقلق، يؤكد النقاد للإصلاح عن طريق اختبار أثر التجارب على كوريكولورن.، وتقييم الضوابط ما يحصل تدريسه؛ الصحافة توحيد المناهج يقلل إمكانية إنشاء المناهج الدراسية ذات الصلة ثقافيا للطلاب لأحد، ويضيق إلى حد كبير كيف المعلمين التفكير في التعلم أو ما يرونه كالغرض من التعليم المدرسي. توثيق العديد من التقارير تضييق نطاق المناهج الدراسية في التعليم التي للاختبار (وتدريس كيفية اتخاذ الاختبارات) بدائل للتحقيق الفكرية أعمق، والمواضيع والمفاهيم التي لم يتم اختبارها ببساطة إسقاط (الروابي، 2002؛ جونز، جونز، وهارجروف، 2003؛ كوهين، 2002؛ ليبمان، 2004؛ ماكنيل Er فالينزويلا، 2001؛ ماير، 2002؛ ستيشر، 2001).Teachers I worked with expressed variations of this concern more than any other. They emphasized reduced space for creative lessons and,,,ja: creased anxiety about making sure they teach what is on the test. For example, one commented, 'Because my school is so small our principal has asked that we share teaching art, science, and social studies. The anxiety that teachers feel to meet standards restricts their sense of creating toward 'inclusion' curriculum" (Mona, October 13, 2003). Others talked about their concern for making sure they hit what children will be tested over as they choose what to spend time teaching and what to skip. For example, one teacher commented, But still then we have these standards over here for science and social studies. I try and hit the bigger ones, you know. I mean, you can't hit everything, but at least the ones they're going to be tested on. You more or less try to hit that" (Cheryl, February 5, 2004).Teachers were also concerned about narrowing.tb,e_thigu of what schools are for. For example, one teacher said, *I see this emphasis on testing as a political issue because when one is frantically trying to 'get all the skills,' there is little time or energy left over for examining the con-tent of what is supposed to be taught, and thus the imposed curriculum remains in place" (Kathy, October 13, 2003). Lost is consideration of schools as public spaces where young people might learn to engage with different perspectives, empathize with others, or engage in social problem solving. Lost, too, are discussions about what it means to learn, how to cultivate inquiry and love of learning, or how to encourage the development of artistic or ethical sensibilities.Further, narrowing of curriculum and pressure to teach to the tests occursdis=portionately in.schools serving lowrincomestudeMS gu-dents of color (Kornhaber, 2004; Lipman, 2004; Madaus Er Clarke, 2001; McNeil & Valenzuela, 2001). Although tests presume to measure gen-eral achievement and learning, critics point out that scores on high-stakes content tests do not necessarily correlate with other established measures of student learning, such as the NAEP, SAT, and advanced placement
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