Alexander the Great
This article is about the ancient king of Macedonia. For other uses, see Alexander the Great (disambiguation).
Alexander the Great
Basileus of Macedon, Hegemon of the Hellenic League, Shahanshah of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt, Lord of Asia
Alexander the Great mosaic.jpg
"Alexander fighting king Darius III of Persia", Alexander Mosaic, Naples National Archaeological Museum.
King of Macedonia
Reign
336–323 BC
Predecessor
Philip II
Successor
Alexander IV
Philip III
Pharaoh of Egypt
Reign
332–323 BC
Predecessor
Darius III
Successor
Alexander IV
Philip III
King of Persia
Reign
330–323 BC
Predecessor
Darius III
Successor
Alexander IV
Philip III
King of Asia
Reign
331–323 BC
Predecessor
New office
Successor
Alexander IV
Philip III
Born
20 or 21 July 356 BC
Pella, Macedon
Died
10 or 11 June 323 BC (aged 32)
Babylon
Spouse
Roxana of Bactria
Stateira II of Persia
Parysatis II of Persia
Issue
Alexander IV
Full name
Alexander III of Macedon
Greek
Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος[d] (Mégas Aléxandros, Great Alexander)
Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας (Aléxandros ho Mégas, Alexander the Great)
Dynasty
Argead
Father
Philip II of Macedon
Mother
Olympias of Epirus
Religion
Greek polytheism
Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas Koine Greek: [a.lék.san.dros ho mé.gas] ), was a king (basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India.[1][2] He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.[3]
During his youth, Alexander was tutored by the philosopher Aristotle until the age of 16. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, Alexander succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's Panhellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia.[4][5] In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Empire, and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Following the conquest of Asia Minor, Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety.[b] At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.
Seeking to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he invaded India in 326 BC, but eventually turned back at the demand of his homesick troops. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, the city he planned to establish as his capital, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in several states ruled by the Diadochi, Alexander's surviving generals and heirs.
Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century and the presence of Greek speakers in central and far eastern Anatolia until the 1920s. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles, and he features prominently in the history and mythic traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics.[6][c] He is often ranked among the most influential people in human history, along with his teacher Aristotle.[7]
النتائج (
العربية) 1:
[نسخ]نسخ!
الإسكندر الأكبرهذه المقالة عن ملك مقدونيا القديمة. لاستخدامات أخرى، راجع الإسكندر الأكبر (توضيح).الإسكندر الأكبرBasileus المقدوني، قوة مهيمنة للجامعة الهيلينية، وشاهنشاه من بلاد فارس، وفرعون مصر، رب آسيا ألكسندر mosaic.jpg كبيرة "ألكسندر القتال الملك داريوس الثالث من بلاد فارس"، وألكسندر الفسيفساء، متحف نابولي الوطني الأثري. ملك مقدونياعهد336-323 قبل الميلاد السلففيليب الثاني الخلفرابعا ألكسندرفيليب الثالث فرعون مصرعهد332-323 قبل الميلاد السلفداريوش الثالث الخلفرابعا ألكسندرفيليب الثالث ملك بلاد فارسعهد330-323 قبل الميلاد السلفداريوش الثالث الخلفرابعا ألكسندرفيليب الثالث ملك آسياعهد331-323 قبل الميلاد السلفمكتب جديد الخلفرابعا ألكسندرفيليب الثالث ولد20 أو 21 يوليو 356 قبيلا، المقدوني توفي10 أو 11 يونيو 323 قبل الميلاد (32 عاماً)بابل الزوجروكسانا باكترياثانيا ستاتيرا من بلاد فارسثانيا بريستيس بلاد فارس القضيةرابعا ألكسندر الاسم الكاملألكسندر الثالث المقدوني اليونانيةΜέγας Ἀλέξανδρος [د] (Mégas Aléxandros، ألكسندر العظيم)Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας (Aléxandros حو Mégas، الإسكندر الأكبر) أسرة مصريةأرجياد الأبفيليب الثاني المقدوني الأمأوليمبياس الإبيري الدينالشرك اليونانية Alexander III of Macedon (20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), commonly known as Alexander the Great (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, Aléxandros ho Mégas Koine Greek: [a.lék.san.dros ho mé.gas] ), was a king (basileus) of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon[a] and a member of the Argead dynasty. Born in Pella in 356 BC, Alexander succeeded his father, Philip II, to the throne at the age of twenty. He spent most of his ruling years on an unprecedented military campaign through Asia and northeast Africa, and by the age of thirty he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from Greece to northwestern India.[1][2] He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders.[3]During his youth, Alexander was tutored by the philosopher Aristotle until the age of 16. After Philip's assassination in 336 BC, Alexander succeeded his father to the throne and inherited a strong kingdom and an experienced army. Alexander was awarded the generalship of Greece and used this authority to launch his father's Panhellenic project to lead the Greeks in the conquest of Persia.[4][5] In 334 BC, he invaded the Achaemenid Empire, and began a series of campaigns that lasted ten years. Following the conquest of Asia Minor, Alexander broke the power of Persia in a series of decisive battles, most notably the battles of Issus and Gaugamela. He subsequently overthrew the Persian King Darius III and conquered the Achaemenid Empire in its entirety.[b] At that point, his empire stretched from the Adriatic Sea to the Indus River.Seeking to reach the "ends of the world and the Great Outer Sea", he invaded India in 326 BC, but eventually turned back at the demand of his homesick troops. Alexander died in Babylon in 323 BC, the city he planned to establish as his capital, without executing a series of planned campaigns that would have begun with an invasion of Arabia. In the years following his death, a series of civil wars tore his empire apart, resulting in several states ruled by the Diadochi, Alexander's surviving generals and heirs.Alexander's legacy includes the cultural diffusion his conquests engendered, such as Greco-Buddhism. He founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most notably Alexandria in Egypt. Alexander's settlement of Greek colonists and the resulting spread of Greek culture in the east resulted in a new Hellenistic civilization, aspects of which were still evident in the traditions of the Byzantine Empire in the mid-15th century and the presence of Greek speakers in central and far eastern Anatolia until the 1920s. Alexander became legendary as a classical hero in the mold of Achilles, and he features prominently in the history and mythic traditions of both Greek and non-Greek cultures. He became the measure against which military leaders compared themselves, and military academies throughout the world still teach his tactics.[6][c] He is often ranked among the most influential people in human history, along with his teacher Aristotle.[7]
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