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3. Empirical resultsResults of the weighted symmetric ADF test (ADF-WS) arepresented in Table 2. The null hypothesis is unit root and the alternativehypothesis is level stationary. The Dickey–Fuller regressions include anintercept and a linear trend in the levels, and include an intercept in thefirst differences. The numbers of optimal lags are based on SBC. 95%simulated critical values for several observations are computed by stochasticsimulations. The results indicate that openness and finanacialdevelopment variables are stationary in their levels, and other variablesare stationary in their first differences. Thus, we can confidently applythe ARDL methodology to Eqs. (1, 2).
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